Capital maintenance is the continuous maintenance of the real value of capital over time; i.e. the constant purchasing power of capital.
Financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units per se is a fallacy: it is impossible to maintain the real value of capital constant over time in nominal monetary units per se during inflation and deflation.
There are two ways of looking at capital maintenance:
1. In terms of fact
2. In terms of IFRS
1. In terms of fact
The fact that capital maintenance is the continuous maintenance of the constant purchasing power of capital means that there are only two concepts of capital maintenance:
a) Physical capital maintenance as defined in the Framework
b) Continuous financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as defined in the Framework, Par 104 (a) which states:
“Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power.”
2. In terms of IFRS
There are 3 concept of capital maintenance in terms of IFRS:
a) Physical capital maintenance as defined in the Framework.
b) Financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units as authorized by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) which is a fallacy, but, is implemented by 99.99% of entities in the world economy and results in their accountants (not inflation as the FASB, IASB and most accountants believe) unknowingly, unnecessarily and unintentionally destroying the real value of their companies´ shareholder’s equity (never maintained by sufficient revaluable fixed assets) with the implementation of their very destructive stable measuring units assumption during low inflation at a rate equal to the annual rate of inflation in all countries with low inflation amounting to hundreds of billions of Euros in the world economy each and every year.
c) Continuous financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power which the IASB authorized in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989 for implementation during low inflation and deflation as an alternative to the globally implemented generally accepted traditional Historical Cost Accounting model, but, it is ignored by almost everyone. Financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation would stop the unknowing destruction by accountants of the real value of companies´ capital and profits never maintained amounting to hundreds of billions of Euros in the world economy per annum implementing their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption under HCA during low inflation.
Accountants would knowingly maintain hundreds of billions of Euros in the real value of companies´ capital and profits per annum without extra money in new capital contributions or extra retained profits when they measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation as authorized by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989. This is not understood by the IASB, FASB, other accounting authorities and most accountants and accounting lecturers and professors. If they understood it, they would have stopped the stable measuring unit assumption by now. Financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power units is only required by the IASB in IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies.
The legal requirements for satisfying the liquidity and solvency tests do not constitute a fourth concept of capital maintenance, but, are simply the legal basis for either financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units – when you assume the that the stable measuring unit assumption satisfies the requirement for “fairly valued” as 99.99% of entities currently incorrectly assume - as well as financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power where under the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption is rejected in terms of the Framework, Par 104 (a). Unfortunately no-one chooses this option.
In most jurisdictions the legal requirements of “liquidity” and “solvency” have to be satisfied in the case of
• payment of dividends to shareholders
• reduction of a company’s share capital or reserves
• a company’s purchase of its own shares
A company is prohibited from making any payment in whatever form from shareholders´ equity if there are reasonable grounds for believing:
(a) that the company is or would after the payment be unable to pay its debts as they become due in the ordinary course of business (this is known as the “liquidity” test); or
(b) the consolidated assets of the company fairly valued would after the payment be less than the consolidated liabilities of the company (this is known as the “solvency” test) The Capital Maintenance Concept and Share Repurchases in South African Law - By F.H.I. Cassim and Rehana Cassim
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Monday 22 February 2010
Saturday 20 February 2010
Inflation Accounting
One of the inflation accounting models that was tried unsuccessfully in the 1970´s and 1980´s was Constant Purchasing Power Accounting (CPPA).
The Financial Accounting Standards Board issued an exposure draft in the United States in January, 1975, that required supplemental financial reports on a Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting price-level basis. The Securities and Exchange Commission in the USA proposed in 1976 the disclosure of the current replacement cost of amortizable, depletable and depreciable assets used for production as well as most inventories at the financial year-end. It also proposed the disclosure of the approximate value of amortization, depletion and depreciation as well as the approximate value of cost of sales that would have been accounted in terms of the current replacement cost of productive capacity and inventories.
Both supplemental Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting financial statements and value accounting were experimented with in Canada. Australia tried both replacement-cost inflation accounting and CPP price-level inflation accounting. Netherland companies experimented with value accounting. Replacement-cost disclosures for equity capital financed items were considered in Germany. CPP inflation accounting supplemental financial statements were tried in Argentina. Brazil successfully used various indexes to update constant and variable non-monetary items for the 30 years from 1964 to 1994. In the United Kingdom an original proposal of supplementary CPP financial accounting financial reports was replaced by the Sandilands Committee proposal for a value accounting approach for inventories, marketable securities and productive property. South Africa had published a discussion paper on value accounting at the time.
The FASB issued FAS 33 Financial Reporting and Changing Prices in 1979. It only applied to certain large, publicly held enterprises. No changes were to be made in the primary financial statements; the information required by FAS 33 was to be presented as supplementary information in published annual reports.
These companies were required to calculate and report:
a. Income from continuing operations reflecting the effects of general inflation
b. The purchasing power loss or gain on net monetary items.
c. Calculate income from continuing operations on a current cost basis
d. Calculate the current cost amounts of property, plant, equipment and inventory at the end of the fiscal year
e. Report increases or decreases in current cost amounts of property, plant, equipment and inventory, net of inflation.
FAS 89 Financial Reporting and Changing Prices superseded FASB Statement No. 33 in 1986 and made voluntary the supplementary disclosure of constant purchasing power/current cost information.
Presently, inflation accounting describes a complete price-level inflation accounting model, namely the Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting model defined in IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies required to be implemented only during hyperinflation which is an exceptional circumstance according to the IASB. It serves to make HC and CC financial statements more useful at the period end by restating all non-monetary items – variable and constant real value non-monetary items - by inflation-adjusting them by applying the period-end CPI during hyperinflation.
“In a hyperinflationary economy, reporting of operating results and financial position in the local currency without restatement is not useful. Money loses value at such a rate that comparison of amounts from transactions and other events that have occurred at different times, even within the same accounting period, is misleading.” IAS 29 Par 2.
The fallacy that inflation destroys the real value of non-monetary items is currently still generally accepted. It is still mistakenly accepted as a fact that the erosion or destruction of companies´ capital and profits is caused by inflation.
It became very clear to me during 2008 that inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items over time. The understanding of the real value destroying effect of the stable measuring unit assumption on constant items never maintained is an ongoing process. Not inflation, per se, but SA accountants´ implementation of the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption during low inflation as it forms part of the HCA model, destroys the real value of constant real value non-monetary items never maintained over time. There is no substance in the statement that inflation destroys the real value of non-monetary items which do not hold their real value over time. Inflation has no effect on the real value on non-monetary items.
“Purchasing power of non monetary items does not change in spite of variation in national currency value.”
Prof Dr. Ümit GUCENME, Dr. Aylin Poroy ARSOY, Changes in financial reporting in Turkey, Historical Development of Inflation Accounting 1960 - 2005, Page 9.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
The Financial Accounting Standards Board issued an exposure draft in the United States in January, 1975, that required supplemental financial reports on a Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting price-level basis. The Securities and Exchange Commission in the USA proposed in 1976 the disclosure of the current replacement cost of amortizable, depletable and depreciable assets used for production as well as most inventories at the financial year-end. It also proposed the disclosure of the approximate value of amortization, depletion and depreciation as well as the approximate value of cost of sales that would have been accounted in terms of the current replacement cost of productive capacity and inventories.
Both supplemental Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting financial statements and value accounting were experimented with in Canada. Australia tried both replacement-cost inflation accounting and CPP price-level inflation accounting. Netherland companies experimented with value accounting. Replacement-cost disclosures for equity capital financed items were considered in Germany. CPP inflation accounting supplemental financial statements were tried in Argentina. Brazil successfully used various indexes to update constant and variable non-monetary items for the 30 years from 1964 to 1994. In the United Kingdom an original proposal of supplementary CPP financial accounting financial reports was replaced by the Sandilands Committee proposal for a value accounting approach for inventories, marketable securities and productive property. South Africa had published a discussion paper on value accounting at the time.
The FASB issued FAS 33 Financial Reporting and Changing Prices in 1979. It only applied to certain large, publicly held enterprises. No changes were to be made in the primary financial statements; the information required by FAS 33 was to be presented as supplementary information in published annual reports.
These companies were required to calculate and report:
a. Income from continuing operations reflecting the effects of general inflation
b. The purchasing power loss or gain on net monetary items.
c. Calculate income from continuing operations on a current cost basis
d. Calculate the current cost amounts of property, plant, equipment and inventory at the end of the fiscal year
e. Report increases or decreases in current cost amounts of property, plant, equipment and inventory, net of inflation.
FAS 89 Financial Reporting and Changing Prices superseded FASB Statement No. 33 in 1986 and made voluntary the supplementary disclosure of constant purchasing power/current cost information.
Presently, inflation accounting describes a complete price-level inflation accounting model, namely the Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting model defined in IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies required to be implemented only during hyperinflation which is an exceptional circumstance according to the IASB. It serves to make HC and CC financial statements more useful at the period end by restating all non-monetary items – variable and constant real value non-monetary items - by inflation-adjusting them by applying the period-end CPI during hyperinflation.
“In a hyperinflationary economy, reporting of operating results and financial position in the local currency without restatement is not useful. Money loses value at such a rate that comparison of amounts from transactions and other events that have occurred at different times, even within the same accounting period, is misleading.” IAS 29 Par 2.
The fallacy that inflation destroys the real value of non-monetary items is currently still generally accepted. It is still mistakenly accepted as a fact that the erosion or destruction of companies´ capital and profits is caused by inflation.
It became very clear to me during 2008 that inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items over time. The understanding of the real value destroying effect of the stable measuring unit assumption on constant items never maintained is an ongoing process. Not inflation, per se, but SA accountants´ implementation of the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption during low inflation as it forms part of the HCA model, destroys the real value of constant real value non-monetary items never maintained over time. There is no substance in the statement that inflation destroys the real value of non-monetary items which do not hold their real value over time. Inflation has no effect on the real value on non-monetary items.
“Purchasing power of non monetary items does not change in spite of variation in national currency value.”
Prof Dr. Ümit GUCENME, Dr. Aylin Poroy ARSOY, Changes in financial reporting in Turkey, Historical Development of Inflation Accounting 1960 - 2005, Page 9.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Thursday 18 February 2010
The accusation that I suggest inflation-accounting in SA is not true.
The IASB approved financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units fallacy led SA accountants to choose to implement the traditional Historical Cost Accounting model during non-hyperinflationary periods where under they select to maintain the stable measuring unit assumption for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation. They value both variable items stated at Historical Cost in terms of IFRS or SA GAAP, as well as constant items also stated at Historical Cost in terms of the Historical Cost Accounting model, in nominal monetary units during non-hyperinflationary periods. Both HC variable and HC constant real value non-monetary items are thus considered by SA accountants to be simply HC non-monetary items.
There is a fixation in accounting that constant purchasing power inflation-adjustment simply means adjusting company financial statements mainly to make current year statements more comparable with previous year statements. Inflation-adjustment is not automatically thought of as affecting the fundamental values of the underlying resources although that is what is done with world wide annual inflation-adjustment of salaries, wages, rentals, etc. The two processes are seen as different processes.
The high inflation 1970´s
During the period of high inflation in the 1970´s accountants and accounting authorities tried various inflation accounting models in an attempt to reflect in company financial reports the effect of high inflation on monetary and – mistakenly - non-monetary items too. Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.
They did not realize that it was simply their choice of the stable measuring unit assumption that was destroying the real value of constant real value non-monetary items never maintained although the FASB did mention the stable measuring unit assumption in FAS 89. The IASB never mentioned it in either IAS 6 or IAS 15. “The erosion of business profits and invested capital caused by inflation” was clearly stated in FAS 33 and “the erosive impact of inflation on profits and capital” was stated in both FAS 33 and FAS 89. The FASB did, however, realize that “Relative to most changes in financial reporting, the changes required by Statement 33 were monumental.” Their implementation was eventually made voluntary.
During that period inflation accounting described a range of accounting models designed to reflect the effect of changing prices on financial reporting. Changing prices included changes in specific prices as well as changes in the general price level which resulted in the destruction of the purchasing power of money, i.e. inflation. It was and still is generally accepted that inflation affects the real value of non-monetary items. That is not true. Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.
Inflation is a uniquely monetary phenomenon. It is not inflation, but, SA accountants´ selection of the HCA model and implementing the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption and financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units (the first based on a fallacy and the second being a very popular accounting fallacy) which unknowingly destroy the real value of constant real value non-monetary items never maintained during low inflationary periods in the SA real economy.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
There is a fixation in accounting that constant purchasing power inflation-adjustment simply means adjusting company financial statements mainly to make current year statements more comparable with previous year statements. Inflation-adjustment is not automatically thought of as affecting the fundamental values of the underlying resources although that is what is done with world wide annual inflation-adjustment of salaries, wages, rentals, etc. The two processes are seen as different processes.
The high inflation 1970´s
During the period of high inflation in the 1970´s accountants and accounting authorities tried various inflation accounting models in an attempt to reflect in company financial reports the effect of high inflation on monetary and – mistakenly - non-monetary items too. Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.
They did not realize that it was simply their choice of the stable measuring unit assumption that was destroying the real value of constant real value non-monetary items never maintained although the FASB did mention the stable measuring unit assumption in FAS 89. The IASB never mentioned it in either IAS 6 or IAS 15. “The erosion of business profits and invested capital caused by inflation” was clearly stated in FAS 33 and “the erosive impact of inflation on profits and capital” was stated in both FAS 33 and FAS 89. The FASB did, however, realize that “Relative to most changes in financial reporting, the changes required by Statement 33 were monumental.” Their implementation was eventually made voluntary.
During that period inflation accounting described a range of accounting models designed to reflect the effect of changing prices on financial reporting. Changing prices included changes in specific prices as well as changes in the general price level which resulted in the destruction of the purchasing power of money, i.e. inflation. It was and still is generally accepted that inflation affects the real value of non-monetary items. That is not true. Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.
Inflation is a uniquely monetary phenomenon. It is not inflation, but, SA accountants´ selection of the HCA model and implementing the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption and financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units (the first based on a fallacy and the second being a very popular accounting fallacy) which unknowingly destroy the real value of constant real value non-monetary items never maintained during low inflationary periods in the SA real economy.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Wednesday 17 February 2010
What price stability?
“The South African Reserve Bank is the central bank of the Republic of South Africa. It regards its primary goal in the South African economic system as the achievement and maintenance of price stability.
The South African Reserve Bank conducts monetary policy within an inflation targeting framework. The current target is for CPI inflation to be within the target range of 3 to 6 per cent on a continuous basis.” SARB.
Absolute price stability is a year-on-year increase in the Consumer Price Index of zero percent. A year-on-year increase in the CPI of above zero but below 2% is a high degree of price stability – it is not absolute price stability.
“The ECB´s Governing Council has announced a quantitative definition of price stability:
Price stability is defined as a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%.
The Governing Council has also clarified that, in the pursuit of price stability, it aims to maintain inflation rates below, but close to, 2% over the medium term.” European Central Bank
http://www.ecb.int/mopo/strategy/pricestab/html/index.en.html
A below 2% year-on-year increase in the European Monetary Union’s harmonized CPI is the European Central Bank’s chosen definition of price stability. It is not the factual definition of absolute price stability. Theoretically, the SARB´s chosen definition of price stability is for “inflation to be within the target range of 3 to 6 per cent on a continuous basis”. In fact, the SARB´s chosen definition of price stability is for inflation to be 6% per annum on a continuous basis because when inflation targeting is implemented inflation generally trends to the upper limit.
SA accountants, on the other hand, simply assume that the Rand is perfectly stable in SA´s low inflationary economy, but, only for the purpose of valuing balance sheet constant real value non-monetary items which they account as Historical Cost items. In conformity with world practice they do not apply this assumption to the valuing of certain Income Statement constant items, namely salaries, wages, rentals, etc. They value other income statement items in nominal monetary units, i.e. at HC. SA accountants do not regard changes in the general purchasing power or real value of the Rand to be sufficiently important to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as they have been authorized by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989.
They generally choose to implement financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units, also authorized by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989. It is impossible to maintain the real value of capital stable by measuring financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units per se during low inflation or deflation. Financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units per se during inflation and deflation is a fallacy.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
The South African Reserve Bank conducts monetary policy within an inflation targeting framework. The current target is for CPI inflation to be within the target range of 3 to 6 per cent on a continuous basis.” SARB.
Absolute price stability is a year-on-year increase in the Consumer Price Index of zero percent. A year-on-year increase in the CPI of above zero but below 2% is a high degree of price stability – it is not absolute price stability.
“The ECB´s Governing Council has announced a quantitative definition of price stability:
Price stability is defined as a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%.
The Governing Council has also clarified that, in the pursuit of price stability, it aims to maintain inflation rates below, but close to, 2% over the medium term.” European Central Bank
http://www.ecb.int/mopo/strategy/pricestab/html/index.en.html
A below 2% year-on-year increase in the European Monetary Union’s harmonized CPI is the European Central Bank’s chosen definition of price stability. It is not the factual definition of absolute price stability. Theoretically, the SARB´s chosen definition of price stability is for “inflation to be within the target range of 3 to 6 per cent on a continuous basis”. In fact, the SARB´s chosen definition of price stability is for inflation to be 6% per annum on a continuous basis because when inflation targeting is implemented inflation generally trends to the upper limit.
SA accountants, on the other hand, simply assume that the Rand is perfectly stable in SA´s low inflationary economy, but, only for the purpose of valuing balance sheet constant real value non-monetary items which they account as Historical Cost items. In conformity with world practice they do not apply this assumption to the valuing of certain Income Statement constant items, namely salaries, wages, rentals, etc. They value other income statement items in nominal monetary units, i.e. at HC. SA accountants do not regard changes in the general purchasing power or real value of the Rand to be sufficiently important to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as they have been authorized by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989.
They generally choose to implement financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units, also authorized by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989. It is impossible to maintain the real value of capital stable by measuring financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units per se during low inflation or deflation. Financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units per se during inflation and deflation is a fallacy.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Tuesday 16 February 2010
No fundamental constant
One of the basic principles in accounting is “The Measuring Unit principle:
The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency. This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable; that is, changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements.”
Paul H. Walgenbach, Norman E. Dittrich and Ernest I. Hanson, (1973), Financial Accounting, New York: Harcourt Brace Javonovich, Inc. Page 429.
However, non-monetary items are not all fundamentally the same. Non-monetary items are, in fact, subdivided into variable real value non-monetary items and constant real value non-monetary items. The three fundamentally different basic economic items are monetary items, variable items and constant items although it is generally accepted under the HC paradigm that there are only two basic economic items, namely, monetary and non-monetary items.
HC accountants regard all non-monetary items stated at HC, whether they are variable real value non-monetary HC items or constant real value non-monetary HC items to be fundamentally the same, namely, simply non-monetary items when they implement their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption as part of the traditional HCA model during low inflationary periods.
This is the result of money illusion. People make the mistake of thinking that money is stable in real value in a low inflationary environment. Inflation always and everywhere destroys the real value of money over time. It is thus impossible for money to be stable in real value during inflation. On the other hand, inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items over time.
The unit of measure in accounting is the base money unit of the most relevant currency. Money is not stable in real value during inflation.
This means that the monetary unit of measure in accounting is not a stable monetary unit of measure during inflation and deflation. Accountants´ unstable monetary unit of measure or unstable monetary unit of account is the only generally accepted unit of measurement that is not an absolute value. It does not contain a fundamental constant. All other generally accepted units of measurement of time, distance, velocity, mass, momentum, energy, weight, etc are absolute values, e.g. second, minute, hour, metre, yard, litre, kilogram, pound, mile, kilometre, inch, centimetre, gallon, ounce, etc.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency. This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable; that is, changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements.”
Paul H. Walgenbach, Norman E. Dittrich and Ernest I. Hanson, (1973), Financial Accounting, New York: Harcourt Brace Javonovich, Inc. Page 429.
However, non-monetary items are not all fundamentally the same. Non-monetary items are, in fact, subdivided into variable real value non-monetary items and constant real value non-monetary items. The three fundamentally different basic economic items are monetary items, variable items and constant items although it is generally accepted under the HC paradigm that there are only two basic economic items, namely, monetary and non-monetary items.
HC accountants regard all non-monetary items stated at HC, whether they are variable real value non-monetary HC items or constant real value non-monetary HC items to be fundamentally the same, namely, simply non-monetary items when they implement their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption as part of the traditional HCA model during low inflationary periods.
This is the result of money illusion. People make the mistake of thinking that money is stable in real value in a low inflationary environment. Inflation always and everywhere destroys the real value of money over time. It is thus impossible for money to be stable in real value during inflation. On the other hand, inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items over time.
The unit of measure in accounting is the base money unit of the most relevant currency. Money is not stable in real value during inflation.
This means that the monetary unit of measure in accounting is not a stable monetary unit of measure during inflation and deflation. Accountants´ unstable monetary unit of measure or unstable monetary unit of account is the only generally accepted unit of measurement that is not an absolute value. It does not contain a fundamental constant. All other generally accepted units of measurement of time, distance, velocity, mass, momentum, energy, weight, etc are absolute values, e.g. second, minute, hour, metre, yard, litre, kilogram, pound, mile, kilometre, inch, centimetre, gallon, ounce, etc.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Friday 12 February 2010
Capital maintenance without more money or profits
Capital maintenance logically means maintaining the real value of existing capital. Any other definition is obviously wrong. The IASB´s financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units is a joke besides being a fallacy. Unfortunately the world economy is based on that statement. Capital is a constant real value non-monetary item: thus, it is a constant item from the moment it is contributed and logically should remain a constant real value non-monetary item forever - all else being equal - providing the company breaks even: a loss is a loss.
Financial capital can be measured in nominal monetary units for historical purposes only during inflation and deflation. The IASB´s statement in the Framework, Par 104 (a) that "Financial capital maintenance can be measured in nominal monetary units" is a fallacy during inflation and deflation - that means always: we have never had zero inflation and we are not likely to have zero inflation any time soon.
Capital is saved up real value used to create more real value. In the case of human capital it is accumulated experience and knowledge used to create more real value via a company structure.
In general most companies start off with a capital base more or less sufficient for the purpose the company was created for. Under the traditional Historical Cost Accounting model fixed assets used to be accounted only at historical cost. Obviously land and buildings bought many years ago and accounted at their original cost do not appear at their current values in the financial statements. There are thus hidden or unreported holding gains often assumed sufficient to maintain the real value of capital.
Capital maintenance used to imply not paying dividends from capital. A company´s nominal capital was seen as a guarantee for creditors for amounts owed to them.
Today a SA company can pay dividends from capital as long as it is still solvent and liquid after the payment.
It can not pay dividends from capital if there are reasonable grounds for believing:
(a) that the company is or would after the payment be unable to pay its debts as they become due in the ordinary course of business (this is known as the “liquidity” test); or
(b) the consolidated assets of the company fairly valued would after the payment be less than the consolidated liabilities of the company (this is known as the “solvency” test).
When a company has no revaluable fixed assets its capital is simply a monetary item: the same as cash and its real value is simply destroyed at the annual rate of inflation.
Most companies do not have revaluable fixed assets equal to the original real value of all contributions to shareholders´ equity. The real value of their retained profits and capital are thus being destroyed at the annual rate of inflation in proportion of the original real value not backed by revaluable fixed assets to the total original real value of all contributions to equity.
SA companies thus ended up with insufficient equity. They continuously attempt to fix this problem by retaining more and more profits in the company instead of paying them out as dividends. This is very evident in many quite old and large companies and groups. They have small amounts of capital and share premium but huge amounts of retained profits. They try to maintain their capital base with always more additions to retained profits because their accountants are unknowingly destroying the real value of their existing equity with their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption. Their accountants are very efficient and relentlessly unknowingly also destroy the real value of the retained profits and the vicious never ending annual cycle of unknowing real value destruction by SA accountants applying their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption just carries on and on.
When SA companies change over to financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power they will maintain the real value of their equity with financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power forever: no extra money or retained profits required. All they have to do is break even and implement financial capital maintenance in unit of constant purchasing power instead of their current financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units which is a fallacy: financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units per se during low inflation and deflation is impossible even though the IASB authorized it 21 years ago.
The IASB´s International Financial Reporting Standards are thus based on popular accounting fallacies. They should not be. In the case of South Africa, it costs us about R200 billion per annum in real value unnecessarily, unknowingly and unintentionally destroyed by our accountants implementing their very destructive stable measuring units assumption - as approved by the IASB in 1989. World wide that costs the world economy hundreds of billions of Euros per annum.
SA accountants do not understand what financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation means. If they did, they would have done something to stop the stable measuring unit assumption by now. SA accountants implement the stable measuring unit assumption.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Financial capital can be measured in nominal monetary units for historical purposes only during inflation and deflation. The IASB´s statement in the Framework, Par 104 (a) that "Financial capital maintenance can be measured in nominal monetary units" is a fallacy during inflation and deflation - that means always: we have never had zero inflation and we are not likely to have zero inflation any time soon.
Capital is saved up real value used to create more real value. In the case of human capital it is accumulated experience and knowledge used to create more real value via a company structure.
In general most companies start off with a capital base more or less sufficient for the purpose the company was created for. Under the traditional Historical Cost Accounting model fixed assets used to be accounted only at historical cost. Obviously land and buildings bought many years ago and accounted at their original cost do not appear at their current values in the financial statements. There are thus hidden or unreported holding gains often assumed sufficient to maintain the real value of capital.
Capital maintenance used to imply not paying dividends from capital. A company´s nominal capital was seen as a guarantee for creditors for amounts owed to them.
Today a SA company can pay dividends from capital as long as it is still solvent and liquid after the payment.
It can not pay dividends from capital if there are reasonable grounds for believing:
(a) that the company is or would after the payment be unable to pay its debts as they become due in the ordinary course of business (this is known as the “liquidity” test); or
(b) the consolidated assets of the company fairly valued would after the payment be less than the consolidated liabilities of the company (this is known as the “solvency” test).
When a company has no revaluable fixed assets its capital is simply a monetary item: the same as cash and its real value is simply destroyed at the annual rate of inflation.
Most companies do not have revaluable fixed assets equal to the original real value of all contributions to shareholders´ equity. The real value of their retained profits and capital are thus being destroyed at the annual rate of inflation in proportion of the original real value not backed by revaluable fixed assets to the total original real value of all contributions to equity.
SA companies thus ended up with insufficient equity. They continuously attempt to fix this problem by retaining more and more profits in the company instead of paying them out as dividends. This is very evident in many quite old and large companies and groups. They have small amounts of capital and share premium but huge amounts of retained profits. They try to maintain their capital base with always more additions to retained profits because their accountants are unknowingly destroying the real value of their existing equity with their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption. Their accountants are very efficient and relentlessly unknowingly also destroy the real value of the retained profits and the vicious never ending annual cycle of unknowing real value destruction by SA accountants applying their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption just carries on and on.
When SA companies change over to financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power they will maintain the real value of their equity with financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power forever: no extra money or retained profits required. All they have to do is break even and implement financial capital maintenance in unit of constant purchasing power instead of their current financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units which is a fallacy: financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units per se during low inflation and deflation is impossible even though the IASB authorized it 21 years ago.
The IASB´s International Financial Reporting Standards are thus based on popular accounting fallacies. They should not be. In the case of South Africa, it costs us about R200 billion per annum in real value unnecessarily, unknowingly and unintentionally destroyed by our accountants implementing their very destructive stable measuring units assumption - as approved by the IASB in 1989. World wide that costs the world economy hundreds of billions of Euros per annum.
SA accountants do not understand what financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation means. If they did, they would have done something to stop the stable measuring unit assumption by now. SA accountants implement the stable measuring unit assumption.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Thursday 11 February 2010
The Mandela factor
Hi,
I was still in South Africa when Nelson Mandela walked free. Not being very interested in politics, I was not very much aware of his release and its implications for South Africa at the time. Today I realize it was because of National Party disinformation. I also did not know at that time that most of Steve Biko´s friends hanged themselves all by their lonesome selves in their cells.
Today I am very much aware of the Mandela factor, after watching the Mugabe factor in Zimbabwe on a day to day basis over the last two years. South Africa has Mandela, Zimbabwe has Mugabe: see the difference.
Milton Friedman stated that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. It is a statement with very important implications which are not easily grasped.
I state that the value of fiat money depends on all the underlying value systems in an economy. It seems to be correct: the Mugabe factor resulted in there being no Zimbabwe Dollar today in Zimbabwe. The Mandela factor is one of the many reasons why the Rand has a relatively strong foreign exchange value with an internal real value subject to 6% inflation or 6% annual real value destruction in the Rand. SA suffers from 3% inertial or built-in unnecessary inflation. In my opinion inflation should be lowered to 3% with a equal 3% drop in all interest rates in SA.
Long live Nelson Mandela!
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
I was still in South Africa when Nelson Mandela walked free. Not being very interested in politics, I was not very much aware of his release and its implications for South Africa at the time. Today I realize it was because of National Party disinformation. I also did not know at that time that most of Steve Biko´s friends hanged themselves all by their lonesome selves in their cells.
Today I am very much aware of the Mandela factor, after watching the Mugabe factor in Zimbabwe on a day to day basis over the last two years. South Africa has Mandela, Zimbabwe has Mugabe: see the difference.
Milton Friedman stated that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. It is a statement with very important implications which are not easily grasped.
I state that the value of fiat money depends on all the underlying value systems in an economy. It seems to be correct: the Mugabe factor resulted in there being no Zimbabwe Dollar today in Zimbabwe. The Mandela factor is one of the many reasons why the Rand has a relatively strong foreign exchange value with an internal real value subject to 6% inflation or 6% annual real value destruction in the Rand. SA suffers from 3% inertial or built-in unnecessary inflation. In my opinion inflation should be lowered to 3% with a equal 3% drop in all interest rates in SA.
Long live Nelson Mandela!
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Accounting for non-accountants: stable measuring unit assumption
For accountants
Accountants today still apply their stable measuring unit assumption to the valuation of companies´ capital and profits.
Under the current global Historical Cost Accounting model you can keep your capital and profits at nominal value if you always buy fixed property or land for the exact original real value of the capital and profits you keep in your company. The real value of your capital and profits - stated at nominal value - would generally be maintained by sufficient unrecorded or hidden holding gains in the revaluable fixed property assets. Only maybe hotel companies and perhaps also property companies buying properties and making money from the rent can generally maintain the real value of their capital and profits (I don’t really think so) by stating them in nominal values in their books. Most other companies do not do that.
For non-accountants
The three basic economic items in the economy are valued as follows:
1. Monetary items
Examples: Rands, bank loans, car loans, housing loans, student loans, any money loan or savings in Rand.
You can only value and account or state them at their original nominal values during the current financial period. No other way because you cannot update money.
2. Variable real value non-monetary items
Examples: property, plant, equipment, stock, shares, foreign exchange, etc.
They are valued by accountants in terms of International Financial Reporting Standards or SA Generally Accepted Accounting Practice.
3. Constant real value non-monetary items
Examples: capital, retained profits, capital reserves, trade debtors, trade creditors, taxes payable, taxes receivable, etc.
They have constant real values, but, accountants value them at historical cost: i.e. they treat them the same as money.
Now, we all know inflation destroys the real value of money.
Accountants think that inflation also destroys the real value of capital, retained profits, debtor, creditors, etc.
Obviously it is not inflation destroying these items´ real values: it is their choice of valuing these items in nominal monetary units. They can also value them in units of constant purchasing power; i.e. they can inflation-adjust them during low inflation. The IASB authorized them 21 years ago to do that.
Accountants do not do this because they are not taught to do that and because they and all accounting authorities think it is inflation doing the destroying. It is not inflation. Inflation can only destroy the real value of money. Nothing else. Inflation can not destroy the real value of non-monetary items. When accountants inflation-adjust these items, they never lose their real values, no matter what the rate of inflation.
All accountants and accounting authorities believe absolutely that the erosion of capital and profits is caused by inflation. They have absolutely no doubt about it. They are wrong. Inflation cannot destroy the real value of non-monetary items. When they inflation adjust these items, they maintain their real values forever in companies that at least break even.
What is so good about financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power is that it has been authorized by the IASB 21 years ago and that it does not require any more new money or new capital to maintain companies´ capital and profits. Accountants unknowingly destroy companies´ capital and profits by treating capital and profits like money when they implement their stable measuring unit assumption.
So, they can maintain capital and profits´ real values by not destroying these existing real values. As simple as that.
How is this done? By inflation-adjusting all constant items in a company and by accounting the loss of real value in money caused by inflation. No extra new money needed.
This has been authorized by the IASB in 1989 and is compliant with International Financial Reporting Standards. So, there is nothing to worry about: it is all legal and IASB-approved.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Accountants today still apply their stable measuring unit assumption to the valuation of companies´ capital and profits.
Under the current global Historical Cost Accounting model you can keep your capital and profits at nominal value if you always buy fixed property or land for the exact original real value of the capital and profits you keep in your company. The real value of your capital and profits - stated at nominal value - would generally be maintained by sufficient unrecorded or hidden holding gains in the revaluable fixed property assets. Only maybe hotel companies and perhaps also property companies buying properties and making money from the rent can generally maintain the real value of their capital and profits (I don’t really think so) by stating them in nominal values in their books. Most other companies do not do that.
For non-accountants
The three basic economic items in the economy are valued as follows:
1. Monetary items
Examples: Rands, bank loans, car loans, housing loans, student loans, any money loan or savings in Rand.
You can only value and account or state them at their original nominal values during the current financial period. No other way because you cannot update money.
2. Variable real value non-monetary items
Examples: property, plant, equipment, stock, shares, foreign exchange, etc.
They are valued by accountants in terms of International Financial Reporting Standards or SA Generally Accepted Accounting Practice.
3. Constant real value non-monetary items
Examples: capital, retained profits, capital reserves, trade debtors, trade creditors, taxes payable, taxes receivable, etc.
They have constant real values, but, accountants value them at historical cost: i.e. they treat them the same as money.
Now, we all know inflation destroys the real value of money.
Accountants think that inflation also destroys the real value of capital, retained profits, debtor, creditors, etc.
Obviously it is not inflation destroying these items´ real values: it is their choice of valuing these items in nominal monetary units. They can also value them in units of constant purchasing power; i.e. they can inflation-adjust them during low inflation. The IASB authorized them 21 years ago to do that.
Accountants do not do this because they are not taught to do that and because they and all accounting authorities think it is inflation doing the destroying. It is not inflation. Inflation can only destroy the real value of money. Nothing else. Inflation can not destroy the real value of non-monetary items. When accountants inflation-adjust these items, they never lose their real values, no matter what the rate of inflation.
All accountants and accounting authorities believe absolutely that the erosion of capital and profits is caused by inflation. They have absolutely no doubt about it. They are wrong. Inflation cannot destroy the real value of non-monetary items. When they inflation adjust these items, they maintain their real values forever in companies that at least break even.
What is so good about financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power is that it has been authorized by the IASB 21 years ago and that it does not require any more new money or new capital to maintain companies´ capital and profits. Accountants unknowingly destroy companies´ capital and profits by treating capital and profits like money when they implement their stable measuring unit assumption.
So, they can maintain capital and profits´ real values by not destroying these existing real values. As simple as that.
How is this done? By inflation-adjusting all constant items in a company and by accounting the loss of real value in money caused by inflation. No extra new money needed.
This has been authorized by the IASB in 1989 and is compliant with International Financial Reporting Standards. So, there is nothing to worry about: it is all legal and IASB-approved.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Tuesday 9 February 2010
Accounting for Non-CA´s: Monetary items
For CA´s
“Monetary items have to be stated at their original nominal values because money cannot be updated. Inflation destroys the real value of money, but accountants ignore this real value destruction during low inflation, but, account it during hyperinflation. Obviously, if you account it under hyperinflation, you also have to account it under low inflation.”
For Non-CA´s
There are three fundamentally different basic economic items in the economy:
1. Monetary items
2. Variable real value non-monetary items
3. Constant real value non-monetary items
Monetary items
The R100 notes in your pocket do not magically change to R94 notes after a year of 6% inflation. They keep their nominal value of R100, but, they are only worth R94 in real value.
So, in your business, if you have R100 000 in your company bank account on 1st January and you keep the money in the bank for the whole year, then your accountant will state that R100 000 as R100 000 in your year end accounts. It is only worth R94 000 in real value, but, because the R100 note in your pocket cannot change, your accountant has to state the money as R100 000 in your accounts.
Compare this to stock: if you had R100 000 stock for resale in your company on 1st January and you have the same stock on 31st December and the stock´s net realizable value was only R94 000 your accountant will account it at R94 000 with R6 000 written off as a loss in your profit and loss account. But, he is not allowed to do that with the real value loss in money - not under low inflation. Under hyperinflation, yes, but not under low inflation. Crazy, isn´t it? This gets fixed under financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation which was authorized by the IASB in 1989 and which I promote for SA accountants. I am actually an unofficial agent for the IASB - doing what they should have been doing for the last 21 years - but, they don´t like me either because I state that accountants unknowingly destroy real value doing traditional historical cost accounting and they base International Financial Reporting Standards on fallacies - which is true.
Inflation, in very simple terms, means there are too many Rands in the economy in relation to the actual real value in the economy. Zero inflation would mean, for example, that there are R100 billion of real value in the economy and R100 billion of Rands in the economy and it stays like that over a year. What does actually happen is that there are R100 billion real value in the economy and R106 billion of Rands in the economy. Now there are too many Rands and every Rand, after a year, is only worth 100/106 = R0.94 in real value. So, the simple fact of having too many Rands in the economy destroyed the real value of each and every Rand by 6%: each and every Rand is now only worth 94 cents. This is inflation in simple terms. So, it is thus a fact that inflation always and everywhere destroys the real value of money and monetary items like bank loans over time.
The International Accounting Standards Board, the highest accounting authority in the world, forces companies do show this loss or cost of inflation as an actual business cost, but, only during hyperinflation. The IASB defines hyperinflation as 100% cumulative inflation over 3 years. 26% annual inflation for 3 years in a row will equal 100% cumulative inflation. So, the IASB forces companies to account the cost of inflation as a business cost being deducted from profits before tax, but, only during hyperinflation and not during low inflation. This is obviously wrong. If companies have to do it at 26% annual inflation for 3 years in a row they obviously have to do it at 20% annual inflation for 3 years in a row too and at 6% annual inflation and 2% annual inflation and 1% annual inflation, etc. A cost is a cost under all circumstances. But, not according to the IASB. That is obviously a mistake.
When SA accountants stop Historical Cost Accounting during low inflation, as I am promoting, they will change to financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power and they will account the cost of inflation during low inflation as they are required by the IASB to do under hyperinflation. Financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power has also been authorized by the IASB twenty-one years ago. So, it is fine for SA accountants to change over and do that.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
“Monetary items have to be stated at their original nominal values because money cannot be updated. Inflation destroys the real value of money, but accountants ignore this real value destruction during low inflation, but, account it during hyperinflation. Obviously, if you account it under hyperinflation, you also have to account it under low inflation.”
For Non-CA´s
There are three fundamentally different basic economic items in the economy:
1. Monetary items
2. Variable real value non-monetary items
3. Constant real value non-monetary items
Monetary items
The R100 notes in your pocket do not magically change to R94 notes after a year of 6% inflation. They keep their nominal value of R100, but, they are only worth R94 in real value.
So, in your business, if you have R100 000 in your company bank account on 1st January and you keep the money in the bank for the whole year, then your accountant will state that R100 000 as R100 000 in your year end accounts. It is only worth R94 000 in real value, but, because the R100 note in your pocket cannot change, your accountant has to state the money as R100 000 in your accounts.
Compare this to stock: if you had R100 000 stock for resale in your company on 1st January and you have the same stock on 31st December and the stock´s net realizable value was only R94 000 your accountant will account it at R94 000 with R6 000 written off as a loss in your profit and loss account. But, he is not allowed to do that with the real value loss in money - not under low inflation. Under hyperinflation, yes, but not under low inflation. Crazy, isn´t it? This gets fixed under financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation which was authorized by the IASB in 1989 and which I promote for SA accountants. I am actually an unofficial agent for the IASB - doing what they should have been doing for the last 21 years - but, they don´t like me either because I state that accountants unknowingly destroy real value doing traditional historical cost accounting and they base International Financial Reporting Standards on fallacies - which is true.
Inflation, in very simple terms, means there are too many Rands in the economy in relation to the actual real value in the economy. Zero inflation would mean, for example, that there are R100 billion of real value in the economy and R100 billion of Rands in the economy and it stays like that over a year. What does actually happen is that there are R100 billion real value in the economy and R106 billion of Rands in the economy. Now there are too many Rands and every Rand, after a year, is only worth 100/106 = R0.94 in real value. So, the simple fact of having too many Rands in the economy destroyed the real value of each and every Rand by 6%: each and every Rand is now only worth 94 cents. This is inflation in simple terms. So, it is thus a fact that inflation always and everywhere destroys the real value of money and monetary items like bank loans over time.
The International Accounting Standards Board, the highest accounting authority in the world, forces companies do show this loss or cost of inflation as an actual business cost, but, only during hyperinflation. The IASB defines hyperinflation as 100% cumulative inflation over 3 years. 26% annual inflation for 3 years in a row will equal 100% cumulative inflation. So, the IASB forces companies to account the cost of inflation as a business cost being deducted from profits before tax, but, only during hyperinflation and not during low inflation. This is obviously wrong. If companies have to do it at 26% annual inflation for 3 years in a row they obviously have to do it at 20% annual inflation for 3 years in a row too and at 6% annual inflation and 2% annual inflation and 1% annual inflation, etc. A cost is a cost under all circumstances. But, not according to the IASB. That is obviously a mistake.
When SA accountants stop Historical Cost Accounting during low inflation, as I am promoting, they will change to financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power and they will account the cost of inflation during low inflation as they are required by the IASB to do under hyperinflation. Financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power has also been authorized by the IASB twenty-one years ago. So, it is fine for SA accountants to change over and do that.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Monday 8 February 2010
Historical Cost Accounting erodes companies´ equity
Boerseun, Thank you for your visits. You know I appreciate your comments.
Today you stated:
"I always come to read your posts and then get even more confused. I try my best and the little bit that I do grasp does at least show me something is seriously wrong."
It is really easy to understand.
People think money keeps its real value. That is not true, as you know and as we all know.
A long time ago, let´s say 200 years ago, accountants did all accounting at the original historical values of all items.
They assumed money was perfectly stable in real value; i.e. they assumed there was no inflation and there never will be inflation. They applied their stable measuring unit assumption. We all know there is inflation and money loses its real value.
Over the last 100 years they have realized that you cannot value everything at its original historical cost. You cannot value shares you bought at R1 per share in 1951 which are selling on the JSE today at R1000 per share at the original R1 per share, for example. You have to show them in your accounts at their current value.
So, accountants have rules (International Financial Reporting Standards) to value variable real value non-monetary items.
Monetary items have to be stated at their original nominal values because money cannot be updated. Inflation destroys the real value of money, but accountants ignore this real value destruction during low inflation, but, account it during hyperinflation. Obviously, if you account it under hyperinflation, you also have to account it under low inflation.
Accountants today still apply their stable measuring unit assumption to the valuation of companies´ capital and profits.
Under the current global Historical Cost Accounting model you can keep your capital and profits at nominal value if you always buy fixed property or land for the exact original real value of the capital and profits you keep in your company. The real value of your capital and profits - stated at nominal value - would generally be maintained by sufficient unrecorded or hidden holding gains in the revaluable fixed property assets. Only maybe hotel companies and perhaps also property companies buying properties and making money from the rent can generally maintain the real value of their capital and profits (I don’t really think so) by stating them in nominal values in their books. Most other companies do not do that.
Because they do not update their capital and profits, their accountants are unknowingly destroying capital and profits´ real values at the rate of inflation. When they do not update the constant real value non-monetary items capital and retained profits, then they are the same as monetary items and we all know money and monetary items lose their real values because of inflation. The same happens to capital and profits not updated. They all think for a very long time that it is inflation doing this destroying. Capital and profits are constant real value non-monetary items. They are not monetary items. If they value capital and profits in units of constant purchasing power (inflation-adjust them) then they will always maintain their real values, no matter what the inflation rate is. So, it is not inflation doing the destroying, it is their choice of the stable measuring unit assumption which they can stop any time they want to.
However, under hyperinflation they update capital and profits, but, not under low inflation. So, they admit and agree that capital and profits must be updated under hyperinflation, but, they refuse to do it under low inflation. They admit that capital and profits´ real values are destroyed under hyperinflation, i.e. 26% inflation for 3 years in a row equalling 100% cumulative inflation (the IASB´s definition of hyperinflation) but they do not consider that, say, 20% inflation forever will require them to update capital and profits. They claim that there is no destruction of the real value of capital and profits at 20% inflation – or if there is, then it is inflation´s fault: it has nothing to do with their decision to choose the stable measuring unit assumption and to implement it. A decision they can change to financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power today, if they want to: but, no, it is inflation doing the destroying – according to the IASB, the US FASB and all accountants.
They thus unknowingly destroy the real value of capital and profits under low inflation.
That is all I am stating. Very easy to understand. They are all very upset with me because I say they do this unknowingly, unnecessarily and unintentionally.
The International Accounting Standards Board authorized them to update capital and profits during low inflation in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989. It states:
“Financial capital maintenance can be measured either in nominal monetary units OR IN UNITS OF CONSTANT PURCHASING POWER.”
So, accountants can stop this destruction any time they want to. I am just promoting that idea. That´s all. It is not my idea. It is the IASB´s idea.
Because accounting is double entry, it means that they can maintain the real value of capital and profits in all companies that at least break even FOREVER, by just updating all constant items equally and correctly. There is no extra money required to do this. They must just stop destroying existing real value. It is a matter of maintaining existing real value. No extra money required at all. Just stop destroying real value that already exists.
The IASB forces them to do this under hyperinflation, but, under low inflation it gives them a choice. Because all accountants have been applying the stable measuring unit assumption for the last 700 years and all the accountants in the world are doing it today, except in hyperinflationary economies, no-one wants to change.
The truth is that they do not realize it is happening. They all think it is inflation doing the destroying and that they as accountants can do nothing about it. It is not true. The IASB forces them to do it correctly under hyperinflation.
Accountants and all accounting authorities state very firmly and very, very confidently that the erosion (destruction) of companies´ capital and profits is caused by inflation. The IASB, the US FASB, everybody agree with that statement. So they all agree that companies´ capital and profits are being destroyed. There is no problem with that. They all admit it. There is destruction of real value. But, they all blame inflation.
However, it is impossible for inflation to destroy companies´ capital and profits because inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon, as Milton Friedman stated. Inflation has no effect on the real value on non-monetary items.
“Purchasing power of non monetary items does not change in spite of variation in national currency value.”
Prof Dr. Ümit GUCENME, Dr. Aylin Poroy ARSOY, Changes in financial reporting in Turkey, Historical Development of Inflation Accounting 1960 - 2005, Page 9.
So, Boerseun, it is not so difficult to understand. Quite easy actually.
My estimate of the real value unknowingly destroyed by SA acountants in constant items never maintained is about R200 billion per annum. That is quite a lot of real value that is destroyed each and every year in the SA real economy. All SA accountants have to do to stop that and to boost the SA real economy with about R200 billion each and every year forever is freely choose financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power; i.e. they must choose to update capital and profits instead of unkowingly destroy their real values year in year out.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Today you stated:
"I always come to read your posts and then get even more confused. I try my best and the little bit that I do grasp does at least show me something is seriously wrong."
It is really easy to understand.
People think money keeps its real value. That is not true, as you know and as we all know.
A long time ago, let´s say 200 years ago, accountants did all accounting at the original historical values of all items.
They assumed money was perfectly stable in real value; i.e. they assumed there was no inflation and there never will be inflation. They applied their stable measuring unit assumption. We all know there is inflation and money loses its real value.
Over the last 100 years they have realized that you cannot value everything at its original historical cost. You cannot value shares you bought at R1 per share in 1951 which are selling on the JSE today at R1000 per share at the original R1 per share, for example. You have to show them in your accounts at their current value.
So, accountants have rules (International Financial Reporting Standards) to value variable real value non-monetary items.
Monetary items have to be stated at their original nominal values because money cannot be updated. Inflation destroys the real value of money, but accountants ignore this real value destruction during low inflation, but, account it during hyperinflation. Obviously, if you account it under hyperinflation, you also have to account it under low inflation.
Accountants today still apply their stable measuring unit assumption to the valuation of companies´ capital and profits.
Under the current global Historical Cost Accounting model you can keep your capital and profits at nominal value if you always buy fixed property or land for the exact original real value of the capital and profits you keep in your company. The real value of your capital and profits - stated at nominal value - would generally be maintained by sufficient unrecorded or hidden holding gains in the revaluable fixed property assets. Only maybe hotel companies and perhaps also property companies buying properties and making money from the rent can generally maintain the real value of their capital and profits (I don’t really think so) by stating them in nominal values in their books. Most other companies do not do that.
Because they do not update their capital and profits, their accountants are unknowingly destroying capital and profits´ real values at the rate of inflation. When they do not update the constant real value non-monetary items capital and retained profits, then they are the same as monetary items and we all know money and monetary items lose their real values because of inflation. The same happens to capital and profits not updated. They all think for a very long time that it is inflation doing this destroying. Capital and profits are constant real value non-monetary items. They are not monetary items. If they value capital and profits in units of constant purchasing power (inflation-adjust them) then they will always maintain their real values, no matter what the inflation rate is. So, it is not inflation doing the destroying, it is their choice of the stable measuring unit assumption which they can stop any time they want to.
However, under hyperinflation they update capital and profits, but, not under low inflation. So, they admit and agree that capital and profits must be updated under hyperinflation, but, they refuse to do it under low inflation. They admit that capital and profits´ real values are destroyed under hyperinflation, i.e. 26% inflation for 3 years in a row equalling 100% cumulative inflation (the IASB´s definition of hyperinflation) but they do not consider that, say, 20% inflation forever will require them to update capital and profits. They claim that there is no destruction of the real value of capital and profits at 20% inflation – or if there is, then it is inflation´s fault: it has nothing to do with their decision to choose the stable measuring unit assumption and to implement it. A decision they can change to financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power today, if they want to: but, no, it is inflation doing the destroying – according to the IASB, the US FASB and all accountants.
They thus unknowingly destroy the real value of capital and profits under low inflation.
That is all I am stating. Very easy to understand. They are all very upset with me because I say they do this unknowingly, unnecessarily and unintentionally.
The International Accounting Standards Board authorized them to update capital and profits during low inflation in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989. It states:
“Financial capital maintenance can be measured either in nominal monetary units OR IN UNITS OF CONSTANT PURCHASING POWER.”
So, accountants can stop this destruction any time they want to. I am just promoting that idea. That´s all. It is not my idea. It is the IASB´s idea.
Because accounting is double entry, it means that they can maintain the real value of capital and profits in all companies that at least break even FOREVER, by just updating all constant items equally and correctly. There is no extra money required to do this. They must just stop destroying existing real value. It is a matter of maintaining existing real value. No extra money required at all. Just stop destroying real value that already exists.
The IASB forces them to do this under hyperinflation, but, under low inflation it gives them a choice. Because all accountants have been applying the stable measuring unit assumption for the last 700 years and all the accountants in the world are doing it today, except in hyperinflationary economies, no-one wants to change.
The truth is that they do not realize it is happening. They all think it is inflation doing the destroying and that they as accountants can do nothing about it. It is not true. The IASB forces them to do it correctly under hyperinflation.
Accountants and all accounting authorities state very firmly and very, very confidently that the erosion (destruction) of companies´ capital and profits is caused by inflation. The IASB, the US FASB, everybody agree with that statement. So they all agree that companies´ capital and profits are being destroyed. There is no problem with that. They all admit it. There is destruction of real value. But, they all blame inflation.
However, it is impossible for inflation to destroy companies´ capital and profits because inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon, as Milton Friedman stated. Inflation has no effect on the real value on non-monetary items.
“Purchasing power of non monetary items does not change in spite of variation in national currency value.”
Prof Dr. Ümit GUCENME, Dr. Aylin Poroy ARSOY, Changes in financial reporting in Turkey, Historical Development of Inflation Accounting 1960 - 2005, Page 9.
So, Boerseun, it is not so difficult to understand. Quite easy actually.
My estimate of the real value unknowingly destroyed by SA acountants in constant items never maintained is about R200 billion per annum. That is quite a lot of real value that is destroyed each and every year in the SA real economy. All SA accountants have to do to stop that and to boost the SA real economy with about R200 billion each and every year forever is freely choose financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power; i.e. they must choose to update capital and profits instead of unkowingly destroy their real values year in year out.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
The world only goes round by misunderstanding
The world only goes round by misunderstanding. Charles Baudelaire
It is generally accepted under the current Historical Cost paradigm that the economy is divided in only two parts: the monetary economy and the non-monetary or real economy. It is also generally accepted that there are only two basic economic items in the economy: monetary items and non-monetary items. Monetary items are money held and items with an underlying monetary nature. Non-monetary items are all items that are not monetary items.
No distinction is generally made between the valuation of variable real value non-monetary items, e.g. property, plant, equipment, inventory, etc valued at Historical Cost under the Historical Cost Accounting model and constant real value non-monetary items, e.g. Issued Share capital, retained Earnings, other items in Shareholders´ Equity and most items in the income statement (excluding items like salaries, wages, rentals, etc. valued in units of constant purchasing power) also valued at Historical Cost under the HCA model.
This is the result of the fact that the economy is based on the Historical Cost paradigm. Historical Cost is the traditional measurement basis in accounting. It is thus generally accepted for accountants to choose to implement the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption (based on a fallacy) and measure financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units (another complete fallacy) as authorized by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) during low inflationary periods.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
It is generally accepted under the current Historical Cost paradigm that the economy is divided in only two parts: the monetary economy and the non-monetary or real economy. It is also generally accepted that there are only two basic economic items in the economy: monetary items and non-monetary items. Monetary items are money held and items with an underlying monetary nature. Non-monetary items are all items that are not monetary items.
No distinction is generally made between the valuation of variable real value non-monetary items, e.g. property, plant, equipment, inventory, etc valued at Historical Cost under the Historical Cost Accounting model and constant real value non-monetary items, e.g. Issued Share capital, retained Earnings, other items in Shareholders´ Equity and most items in the income statement (excluding items like salaries, wages, rentals, etc. valued in units of constant purchasing power) also valued at Historical Cost under the HCA model.
This is the result of the fact that the economy is based on the Historical Cost paradigm. Historical Cost is the traditional measurement basis in accounting. It is thus generally accepted for accountants to choose to implement the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption (based on a fallacy) and measure financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units (another complete fallacy) as authorized by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) during low inflationary periods.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Sunday 7 February 2010
Value date December 2009
South African Consumer Price Index 109.2 December 2009
Base year 2008 = 100 Table A – All Urban Areas
All items in financial reports dated December 2009 have to be updated or restated or inflation-adjusted in terms of the December 2009 CPI in order to reflect their correct and valid nominal or updated or inflation-adjusted values at the date they are read. Unadjusted December 2009 financial reports are out of date or wrong as from the date the January 2010 CPI is published - if it is different from the December 2009 CPI value. All financial reports not updated or restated or inflation-adjusted every time the CPI changes are - in principle - wrong. They certainly are out of date. Since most financial reports are not published during the period of the CPI for their period-end date, most financial reports are always published, in principle, with wrong values at first publication.
All SA financial reports of SA companies with December year ends published after the January 2010 CPI (with a different value from the 109.2 December 2009 value) is published and these financial reports are not inflation adjusted or restated or updated in terms of the January 2010 CPI value, will be published with wrong values on first publication.
Values in electronic copies will be updated automatically with Real Value Enabler™ - US Patent Applied For - when the necessary technology becomes available.
Example
Assumption: Inflation assumed to remain at 6% per annum in SA for an indefinite period of time.
..............................................Nominal Value........Real Value
.....................................................................at Dec 2009
CPI as at Dec 2009..............109.2.........R100.00.............R100.00
Assumed values for the CPI
Dec 2010........................115.8.........R106.00.............R100.00
Dec 2011........................122.7.........R112.36.............R100.00
Dec 2012........................130.1.........R119.10.............R100.00
Dec 2013........................137.9.........R126.25.............R100.00
Dec 2014........................146.1.........R133.82.............R100.00
Dec 2015........................154.9.........R141.85.............R100.00
Dec 2020........................207.3.........R189.83.............R100.00
Dec 2030........................371.2.........R339.96.............R100.00
Dec 2080......................6 838.2.......R6 262.05.............R100.00
All financial reports, e.g. income statements and balance sheets, dated December 2009 have to be restated as above to be able to be read correctly at the above future dates.
The restated values will not be the assumed real values of the items at the above future dates, but, the real values of the items at December 2009 restated at the assumed future CPI values.
All items in historical financial reports have to be restated every time the CPI changes, not to value them correctly, but, to reflect their real values correctly at the original date of the financial report.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Base year 2008 = 100 Table A – All Urban Areas
All items in financial reports dated December 2009 have to be updated or restated or inflation-adjusted in terms of the December 2009 CPI in order to reflect their correct and valid nominal or updated or inflation-adjusted values at the date they are read. Unadjusted December 2009 financial reports are out of date or wrong as from the date the January 2010 CPI is published - if it is different from the December 2009 CPI value. All financial reports not updated or restated or inflation-adjusted every time the CPI changes are - in principle - wrong. They certainly are out of date. Since most financial reports are not published during the period of the CPI for their period-end date, most financial reports are always published, in principle, with wrong values at first publication.
All SA financial reports of SA companies with December year ends published after the January 2010 CPI (with a different value from the 109.2 December 2009 value) is published and these financial reports are not inflation adjusted or restated or updated in terms of the January 2010 CPI value, will be published with wrong values on first publication.
Values in electronic copies will be updated automatically with Real Value Enabler™ - US Patent Applied For - when the necessary technology becomes available.
Example
Assumption: Inflation assumed to remain at 6% per annum in SA for an indefinite period of time.
..............................................Nominal Value........Real Value
.....................................................................at Dec 2009
CPI as at Dec 2009..............109.2.........R100.00.............R100.00
Assumed values for the CPI
Dec 2010........................115.8.........R106.00.............R100.00
Dec 2011........................122.7.........R112.36.............R100.00
Dec 2012........................130.1.........R119.10.............R100.00
Dec 2013........................137.9.........R126.25.............R100.00
Dec 2014........................146.1.........R133.82.............R100.00
Dec 2015........................154.9.........R141.85.............R100.00
Dec 2020........................207.3.........R189.83.............R100.00
Dec 2030........................371.2.........R339.96.............R100.00
Dec 2080......................6 838.2.......R6 262.05.............R100.00
All financial reports, e.g. income statements and balance sheets, dated December 2009 have to be restated as above to be able to be read correctly at the above future dates.
The restated values will not be the assumed real values of the items at the above future dates, but, the real values of the items at December 2009 restated at the assumed future CPI values.
All items in historical financial reports have to be restated every time the CPI changes, not to value them correctly, but, to reflect their real values correctly at the original date of the financial report.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Price-level accounting does not prevail for balance sheet constant items
Price-level accounting as Harvey Kapnick hoped for in 1976 clearly does not prevail for balance sheet constant items and most income statement items, except during rare instances of hyperinflation (e.g., Turkey’s latest period of hyperinflation) when companies are required to implement IAS 29 which is the IASB´s Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting model and the tax authorities accept the restated amounts as the new real values of those items as happened in the case of Turkey.
Price-level accounting generally did prevail in the Brazilian economy during the 30 years from 1964 to 1994 when they indexed many variable and constant items in their non-monetary or real economy with daily indexation with a daily index value supplied by their government. They stopped that with the full implementation of the traditional HCA model, financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units and the stable measuring unit assumption when they changed the Unidade Real de Valor into their latest currency, the Real, in 1994. They stopped daily indexation which is, in principle, the same as continuous financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power.
Price-level accounting does prevail in the valuation of certain income statement items, e.g. salaries, wages, rentals, etc. which are inflation-adjusted annually by means of the CPI in most economies.
If SA accountants understood that the implementation of the stable measuring unit assumption during low inflation results in the unknowing, unnecessary and unintentional destruction by SA accountants of massive amounts of real value in constant items never maintained in the SA economy, they would have called for its rejection by now.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Price-level accounting generally did prevail in the Brazilian economy during the 30 years from 1964 to 1994 when they indexed many variable and constant items in their non-monetary or real economy with daily indexation with a daily index value supplied by their government. They stopped that with the full implementation of the traditional HCA model, financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units and the stable measuring unit assumption when they changed the Unidade Real de Valor into their latest currency, the Real, in 1994. They stopped daily indexation which is, in principle, the same as continuous financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power.
Price-level accounting does prevail in the valuation of certain income statement items, e.g. salaries, wages, rentals, etc. which are inflation-adjusted annually by means of the CPI in most economies.
If SA accountants understood that the implementation of the stable measuring unit assumption during low inflation results in the unknowing, unnecessary and unintentional destruction by SA accountants of massive amounts of real value in constant items never maintained in the SA economy, they would have called for its rejection by now.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Thursday 4 February 2010
IASB clueless about destruction by stable measuring unit assumption
The International Accounting Standards Board confirms the fact that the Historical Cost paradigm is firmly in place when it states in IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies and in the Framework that companies´ primary financial reports are prepared in most economies based on the traditional Historical Cost Accounting model without taking changes in the general level of prices (here it is clear that the IASB blames inflation and not the stable measuring unit assumption) or specific price changes of assets into account, with the exception that investments, equipment, plant and properties can be revalued. The IASB does not mention the destruction of the real value of balance sheet constant items never maintained when accountants implement the stable measuring unit assumption during low inflationary periods because it is not generally understood: the IASB, like the US Financial Accounting Standards Board and most accountants mistakenly believe that the destruction (erosion) of companies´ capital and profits is caused by inflation.
They all support the stable measuring unit assumption (based on a fallacy) and the actual fallacy of financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units during low inflation and deflation. The destruction of real value in constant items by implementing the stable measuring unit assumption is very well understood - and compensated for by inflation-adjusting them by applying the annual CPI - in the case of the income statement constant items salaries, wages, rentals, etc.
Neither is the real value maintaining effect on balance sheet constant items understood of freely choosing to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power instead of in nominal monetary units – both models being approved by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a).
The International Accounting Standards Committee (the IASB predecessor body) blamed changing prices in IAS 15 Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices for affecting an enterprise’s results of operation and financial position. They defined changing prices as (1) specific price changes and (2) changes in the general price level which changed the general purchasing power of money, i.e. they blamed specific price changes and inflation for affecting companies´ results and financial position. Whereas the FASB mentioned the stable measuring unit assumption in FAS 33 and FAS 89, the IASB never mentioned it in either IAS 6 Accounting Response to Changing Prices or IAS 15. IAS 15 completely superseded IAS 6. IAS 15 was eventually withdrawn.
Because most accountants and users of financial statements have been inculcated with a model of financial reporting that assumes stability of the monetary unit, accepting a change of this consequence would take a lengthy period of time under the best of circumstances. FAS 89, Par 4, 1986
The integrity of the historical cost/nominal dollar system relies on a stable monetary system. FAS 33, 1979.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
They all support the stable measuring unit assumption (based on a fallacy) and the actual fallacy of financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units during low inflation and deflation. The destruction of real value in constant items by implementing the stable measuring unit assumption is very well understood - and compensated for by inflation-adjusting them by applying the annual CPI - in the case of the income statement constant items salaries, wages, rentals, etc.
Neither is the real value maintaining effect on balance sheet constant items understood of freely choosing to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power instead of in nominal monetary units – both models being approved by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a).
The International Accounting Standards Committee (the IASB predecessor body) blamed changing prices in IAS 15 Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices for affecting an enterprise’s results of operation and financial position. They defined changing prices as (1) specific price changes and (2) changes in the general price level which changed the general purchasing power of money, i.e. they blamed specific price changes and inflation for affecting companies´ results and financial position. Whereas the FASB mentioned the stable measuring unit assumption in FAS 33 and FAS 89, the IASB never mentioned it in either IAS 6 Accounting Response to Changing Prices or IAS 15. IAS 15 completely superseded IAS 6. IAS 15 was eventually withdrawn.
Because most accountants and users of financial statements have been inculcated with a model of financial reporting that assumes stability of the monetary unit, accepting a change of this consequence would take a lengthy period of time under the best of circumstances. FAS 89, Par 4, 1986
The integrity of the historical cost/nominal dollar system relies on a stable monetary system. FAS 33, 1979.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Wednesday 3 February 2010
Accounting can not and does not create real value out of thin air
It must be clearly understood, however, that accounting per se can not and does not create real value out of thin air – out of nothing.
Accountants can not and do not create real value or wealth by simply passing some update accounting entries when no real value already exists.
Constant real value non-monetary items, e.g. Issued Share Capital, Share Premium, Retained Profits, Capital Reserves, other items in Shareholders´ Equity, Trade Debtors, Trade Creditors, Taxes Payable, Taxes Receivable, etc first have to exist for accountants to be able to maintain the real values of those existing constant real value non-monetary items stable by continuously measuring financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as approved by the IASB and by continuously valuing income statement constant items in terms of units of constant purchasing power in order to determine profit or loss in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation and deflation.
Accountants can maintain the existing real values of existing balance sheet constant items, e.g. Issued Share capital, Retained Earnings, etc stable in companies at least breaking even for an unlimited period of time, ceteris paribus, when they choose to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation and deflation as approved by the IASCB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989 and adopted by the IASB in 2001.
The Framework, Par 104 (a) states:
"Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power."
Financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units per se during inflation and deflation is a fallacy. It is impossible to maintain the real value of capital stable in nominal monetary units per se during inflation and deflation. The only way to maintain the real value of capital constant during inflation and deflation per se in companies that at least break even - all else being even - is with financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power.
The IASB has thus, amazingly, authorized the fallacy of financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units per se during inflation and deflation as well as its only and perfect antidote during inflation and deflation in one and the same statement in 1989. The antidote is perfect during inflation and deflation; the values may not be perfect as a result of the way the CPI is calculated.
Obviously, at sustainable zero inflation constant items will maintain their real values stable in all companies that at least break even. Sustainable zero inflation has never been achieved in the past and is not likely soon to be achieved in the future. Sustainable zero inflation is thus simply a theoretical option.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Accountants can not and do not create real value or wealth by simply passing some update accounting entries when no real value already exists.
Constant real value non-monetary items, e.g. Issued Share Capital, Share Premium, Retained Profits, Capital Reserves, other items in Shareholders´ Equity, Trade Debtors, Trade Creditors, Taxes Payable, Taxes Receivable, etc first have to exist for accountants to be able to maintain the real values of those existing constant real value non-monetary items stable by continuously measuring financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as approved by the IASB and by continuously valuing income statement constant items in terms of units of constant purchasing power in order to determine profit or loss in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation and deflation.
Accountants can maintain the existing real values of existing balance sheet constant items, e.g. Issued Share capital, Retained Earnings, etc stable in companies at least breaking even for an unlimited period of time, ceteris paribus, when they choose to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation and deflation as approved by the IASCB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989 and adopted by the IASB in 2001.
The Framework, Par 104 (a) states:
"Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power."
Financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units per se during inflation and deflation is a fallacy. It is impossible to maintain the real value of capital stable in nominal monetary units per se during inflation and deflation. The only way to maintain the real value of capital constant during inflation and deflation per se in companies that at least break even - all else being even - is with financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power.
The IASB has thus, amazingly, authorized the fallacy of financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units per se during inflation and deflation as well as its only and perfect antidote during inflation and deflation in one and the same statement in 1989. The antidote is perfect during inflation and deflation; the values may not be perfect as a result of the way the CPI is calculated.
Obviously, at sustainable zero inflation constant items will maintain their real values stable in all companies that at least break even. Sustainable zero inflation has never been achieved in the past and is not likely soon to be achieved in the future. Sustainable zero inflation is thus simply a theoretical option.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Tuesday 2 February 2010
Capital deficiency during sub-prime crisis
The world economy would be more robust today if only financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power had been authorized in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989. Accountants would today maintain the real values of all companies´ and banks´ Issued Share Capital, Retained Earnings and all other items in Shareholders´ Equity since then in companies and banks that at least break even, instead of unknowingly destroying their real values never maintained at a rate equal to the rate of inflation year in year out during low inflationary periods when they implement their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption based on a fallacy, but, approved by the IASB – for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation. They unknowingly do this because they are authorized to choose to measure financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units – another complete fallacy also approved by the IASB – implementing the traditional HCA model authorized by the IASB in the exact same Framework, Par 104 (a) 21 years ago.
Had only real value maintaining financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power been approved in 1989 it would have made a significant difference over this period as verified by the huge capital injections required as a result of the capital deficiency problems caused by the continuous unknowing, unnecessary and unintentional destruction by accountants´ implementation of the stable measuring unit assumption in the valuation of banks´ and companies´ Shareholders´ Equity values never maintained under the HCA model as evidenced during the recent sub-prime financial crisis.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Had only real value maintaining financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power been approved in 1989 it would have made a significant difference over this period as verified by the huge capital injections required as a result of the capital deficiency problems caused by the continuous unknowing, unnecessary and unintentional destruction by accountants´ implementation of the stable measuring unit assumption in the valuation of banks´ and companies´ Shareholders´ Equity values never maintained under the HCA model as evidenced during the recent sub-prime financial crisis.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Monday 1 February 2010
Financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power
Financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power, i.e. the inflation-adjustment by means of the CPI of only constant items - not inflation accounting complete price-level adjustment of all (variable and constant) non-monetary items - during low inflation and deflation has also been authorized by the IASC Board thirteen years after Harvey Kapnick´s 1976 prediction. The IASC Board approved the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989 stating that
“Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power.”
However, the enormous real value destroying function of the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption when accountants choose, also in terms of Par 104 (a), the IASB approved very popular accounting fallacy of financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units and apply it in the valuing of constant items never maintained, e.g. reported retained earnings, in low inflationary economies when the stable measuring unit assumption is maintained for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation, is not generally understood by the IASB and SA accountants, at all. This is clearly verified by the fact that both financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units as well as real value maintaining financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during inflation and deflation were approved by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989. Accountants can choose the one or the other and state that they have prepared primary financial statements in terms of IFRS.
However, when they choose the traditional HCA model they unknowingly destroy real value on a massive scale in the real or non-monetary economy during low inflation when the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption is maintained for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation. When they choose IASB approved financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power they would maintain the real values of all constant items during inflation and deflation in companies which at least break even, empowering and enriching those companies, their shareholders and the economy in general with the accompanying benefits to workers and employment for an unlimited period of time – all else being equal.
As the Deutsche Bundesbank stated:
“The benefits of price stability, on the other hand, can scarcely be overestimated, especially as these are, in principle, unlimited in duration and accrue year after year.”
Deutsche Bundesbank, 1996 Annual Report, P 83.
Financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during inflation and deflation would result in absolute price stability only in constant items for an unlimited period of time in companies that at least break even – all else being equal. The IASB predecessor body, the IASC Board, approved absolute price stability in income statement and balance sheet constant items when they authorized the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989 approving the option of measuring financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation and deflation.
HCA is very destructive during inflation
Also approving the traditional HCA model in the Framework, Par 104 (a), on the other hand, has been very costly for the world economy as amply illustrated by the deficiency in bank and company capital during the recent sub-prime financial crisis. This clearly illustrates the lack of understanding the very destructive effect of the stable measuring unit assumption on balance sheet constant items during low inflationary periods.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
“Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power.”
However, the enormous real value destroying function of the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption when accountants choose, also in terms of Par 104 (a), the IASB approved very popular accounting fallacy of financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units and apply it in the valuing of constant items never maintained, e.g. reported retained earnings, in low inflationary economies when the stable measuring unit assumption is maintained for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation, is not generally understood by the IASB and SA accountants, at all. This is clearly verified by the fact that both financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units as well as real value maintaining financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during inflation and deflation were approved by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989. Accountants can choose the one or the other and state that they have prepared primary financial statements in terms of IFRS.
However, when they choose the traditional HCA model they unknowingly destroy real value on a massive scale in the real or non-monetary economy during low inflation when the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption is maintained for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation. When they choose IASB approved financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power they would maintain the real values of all constant items during inflation and deflation in companies which at least break even, empowering and enriching those companies, their shareholders and the economy in general with the accompanying benefits to workers and employment for an unlimited period of time – all else being equal.
As the Deutsche Bundesbank stated:
“The benefits of price stability, on the other hand, can scarcely be overestimated, especially as these are, in principle, unlimited in duration and accrue year after year.”
Deutsche Bundesbank, 1996 Annual Report, P 83.
Financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during inflation and deflation would result in absolute price stability only in constant items for an unlimited period of time in companies that at least break even – all else being equal. The IASB predecessor body, the IASC Board, approved absolute price stability in income statement and balance sheet constant items when they authorized the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989 approving the option of measuring financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation and deflation.
HCA is very destructive during inflation
Also approving the traditional HCA model in the Framework, Par 104 (a), on the other hand, has been very costly for the world economy as amply illustrated by the deficiency in bank and company capital during the recent sub-prime financial crisis. This clearly illustrates the lack of understanding the very destructive effect of the stable measuring unit assumption on balance sheet constant items during low inflationary periods.
Copyright © 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Friday 29 January 2010
Historical Cost Accounting is based on popular IASB-approved accounting fallacies
Price-level accounting
SA accountants generally choose to measure financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units (one of the three very popular accounting fallacies not yet extinct) and thus apply their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption (another of the three accounting fallacies) as part of the traditional HCA model based on these fallacies. They generally value balance sheet constant items as well as most income statement items – which are all constant items - at Historical Cost because they value them in nominal monetary units as a result of the fact that they assume the Rand is perfectly stable for this purpose. They only value certain income statement items, e.g. salaries, wages, rentals, etc in real value maintaining units of constant purchasing power and inflation-adjust them by means of the annual CPI during low inflation.
Complete price-level accounting
Complete price-level accounting also called Constant Purchasing Power Accounting (CPPA) was developed as an inflation accounting model whereby all non-monetary items – variable and constant items – are inflation-adjusted by means of the period-end CPI in order to make financial statements more comparable with previous year statements during periods of high and hyperinflation. The non-monetary or real economy of a hyperinflationary economy can only be maintained stable by applying the daily parallel US Dollar exchange rate to the valuation of all non-monetary items instead of the period-end CPI as required by IAS 29.
The Framework is applicable
The implementation of the concepts of capital, the capital maintenance concepts and the profit/loss determination concepts during non-hyperinflationary periods are not covered in IAS, IFRS or Interpretations. These concepts are covered in the Framework, Par 102 to 110. There are no specific IAS or IFRS relating to these concepts. The Framework is thus applicable as per IAS8.11. The valuation of the constant items Issued Share capital, reported retained earnings, other items in Shareholders´ Equity and other constant items is thus covered in the IASB´s Framework, Par 104 (a) which states “Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power” authorized in 1989.
Harvey Kapnick in the Sax Lecture in 1976 correctly predicted the course of the development of International Financial Reporting Standards:
“Confusion constantly arises between changes in value and changes in purchasing power. The fact is both are occurring and, while there may be an interrelationship, the effects of each should be accounted for separately. Thus, the debate concerning whether value accounting or price-level accounting should prevail is not on point, because in the long run both should prevail. The real changes in value should be segregated from changes resulting only from changes in price levels.”
Harvey Kapnick, Chairman, Arthur Andersen & Company, “Value Based Accounting – Evolution or Revolution”, Sax Lecture, 1976.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
© Copyright 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
SA accountants generally choose to measure financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units (one of the three very popular accounting fallacies not yet extinct) and thus apply their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption (another of the three accounting fallacies) as part of the traditional HCA model based on these fallacies. They generally value balance sheet constant items as well as most income statement items – which are all constant items - at Historical Cost because they value them in nominal monetary units as a result of the fact that they assume the Rand is perfectly stable for this purpose. They only value certain income statement items, e.g. salaries, wages, rentals, etc in real value maintaining units of constant purchasing power and inflation-adjust them by means of the annual CPI during low inflation.
Complete price-level accounting
Complete price-level accounting also called Constant Purchasing Power Accounting (CPPA) was developed as an inflation accounting model whereby all non-monetary items – variable and constant items – are inflation-adjusted by means of the period-end CPI in order to make financial statements more comparable with previous year statements during periods of high and hyperinflation. The non-monetary or real economy of a hyperinflationary economy can only be maintained stable by applying the daily parallel US Dollar exchange rate to the valuation of all non-monetary items instead of the period-end CPI as required by IAS 29.
The Framework is applicable
The implementation of the concepts of capital, the capital maintenance concepts and the profit/loss determination concepts during non-hyperinflationary periods are not covered in IAS, IFRS or Interpretations. These concepts are covered in the Framework, Par 102 to 110. There are no specific IAS or IFRS relating to these concepts. The Framework is thus applicable as per IAS8.11. The valuation of the constant items Issued Share capital, reported retained earnings, other items in Shareholders´ Equity and other constant items is thus covered in the IASB´s Framework, Par 104 (a) which states “Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power” authorized in 1989.
Harvey Kapnick in the Sax Lecture in 1976 correctly predicted the course of the development of International Financial Reporting Standards:
“Confusion constantly arises between changes in value and changes in purchasing power. The fact is both are occurring and, while there may be an interrelationship, the effects of each should be accounted for separately. Thus, the debate concerning whether value accounting or price-level accounting should prevail is not on point, because in the long run both should prevail. The real changes in value should be segregated from changes resulting only from changes in price levels.”
Harvey Kapnick, Chairman, Arthur Andersen & Company, “Value Based Accounting – Evolution or Revolution”, Sax Lecture, 1976.
Kindest regards,
Nicolaas Smith
© Copyright 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Wednesday 27 January 2010
Value accounting prevails for monetary and variable items
The accounting model SA accountants choose determines whether they unknowingly destroy massive amounts annually in the real value of reported constant items never maintained or knowingly would maintain massive amounts of real value every year in reported constant items in the constant item economy depending on whether they choose the IASB-approved traditional HCA model when they apply the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation or IASB-approved financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during inflationary and deflationary periods – both models amazingly approved in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989. It is not inflation doing the destroying in reported constant real value non-monetary items never maintained, e.g. in companies´ capital and profits, as the IASB, the FASB and most accountants believe. SA accountants are unnecessarily, unknowingly and unintentionally doing the destroying when they implement the stable measuring unit assumption during indefinite inflation. Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.
Value accounting
There is, on the other hand, also strong awareness in the accounting profession that accounting is really about value and not simply about Historical Cost.
"...it is really values that are the basic data of accounting, and costs are important only because they are the most dependable measures of initial values of goods and services flowing into the enterprise through ordinary market transactions”
Paton W. A., "Accounting Procedures and Private Enterprise", The Journal of Accountancy, April 1948, p.288.
Most SA accountants agree that accounting should be value based. By value based they mean that variable real value non-monetary items can not always be valued at Historical Cost and are to be valued in terms of specific standards formulated in IFRS or SA GAAP at, for example, market value, net realizable value, fair value, present value or recoverable value, etc.
Value accounting has been specifically defined in International Standards since 1976 via IAS and IFRS relating to variable items. Value accounting thus prevails in the valuation and accounting of variable items in terms of IAS and IFRS.
Value accounting also prevails as far as the accounting and valuing of monetary items during the current accounting period are concerned. Monetary items are measured in nominal monetary units no matter which accounting model is used. The real values of monetary items are kept always current by inflation and deflation since the nominal values of monetary items are normally not updated or inflation-adjusted during the current accounting period in any inflationary or deflationary economy. The real value of money and other monetary items generally changes monthly during inflation and deflation. It is destroyed during inflation and increased during deflation.
The nominal values of monetary items stay the same during the current financial period under any accounting model, but, their real values are automatically adjusted by inflation and deflation. The real value of money and other monetary items can be halved every 24.7 hours as has happened recently during hyperinflation in Zimbabwe. According to Prof Steve Hanke from John Hopkins University prices halved every 15.6 hours during hyperinflation in Hungary in 1946.
The net monetary loss or net monetary gain resulting from holding an excess of either monetary item assets or monetary item liabilities is currently only calculated and accounted during the implementation of Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting as defined in IAS 29 in hyperinflationary economies. Net monetary gains and losses would also be calculated and accounted during low inflation and deflation when companies start measuring financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of the Framework, Par 104 (a). They are not calculated and accounted under the traditional Historical Cost Accounting model, although it can be done according to Harvey Kapnick. See Saxe Lecture, 1976.
Copyright (c) 2005-2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Value accounting
There is, on the other hand, also strong awareness in the accounting profession that accounting is really about value and not simply about Historical Cost.
"...it is really values that are the basic data of accounting, and costs are important only because they are the most dependable measures of initial values of goods and services flowing into the enterprise through ordinary market transactions”
Paton W. A., "Accounting Procedures and Private Enterprise", The Journal of Accountancy, April 1948, p.288.
Most SA accountants agree that accounting should be value based. By value based they mean that variable real value non-monetary items can not always be valued at Historical Cost and are to be valued in terms of specific standards formulated in IFRS or SA GAAP at, for example, market value, net realizable value, fair value, present value or recoverable value, etc.
Value accounting has been specifically defined in International Standards since 1976 via IAS and IFRS relating to variable items. Value accounting thus prevails in the valuation and accounting of variable items in terms of IAS and IFRS.
Value accounting also prevails as far as the accounting and valuing of monetary items during the current accounting period are concerned. Monetary items are measured in nominal monetary units no matter which accounting model is used. The real values of monetary items are kept always current by inflation and deflation since the nominal values of monetary items are normally not updated or inflation-adjusted during the current accounting period in any inflationary or deflationary economy. The real value of money and other monetary items generally changes monthly during inflation and deflation. It is destroyed during inflation and increased during deflation.
The nominal values of monetary items stay the same during the current financial period under any accounting model, but, their real values are automatically adjusted by inflation and deflation. The real value of money and other monetary items can be halved every 24.7 hours as has happened recently during hyperinflation in Zimbabwe. According to Prof Steve Hanke from John Hopkins University prices halved every 15.6 hours during hyperinflation in Hungary in 1946.
The net monetary loss or net monetary gain resulting from holding an excess of either monetary item assets or monetary item liabilities is currently only calculated and accounted during the implementation of Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting as defined in IAS 29 in hyperinflationary economies. Net monetary gains and losses would also be calculated and accounted during low inflation and deflation when companies start measuring financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of the Framework, Par 104 (a). They are not calculated and accounted under the traditional Historical Cost Accounting model, although it can be done according to Harvey Kapnick. See Saxe Lecture, 1976.
Copyright (c) 2005-2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Tuesday 26 January 2010
SA accountants clueless about destruction by stable measuring unit assumption
The real values of many reported constant real value non-monetary items, for example, reported retained earnings never maintained, in the SA economy are currently not being maintained stable during low inflation. To the contrary: they are unnecessarily, unknowingly and unintentionally being destroyed at a rate equal to the annual rate of inflation by SA accountants implementing their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption when they measure financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units – the accounting fallacy as authorized by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a) in 1989 - for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation.
Many accountants see themselves as simply providing historic economic information. They do not understand the fact that continuously maintaining the constant purchasing power of capital which requires continuously maintaining the real values of all constant items stable during inflation and deflation is a basic objective of accounting. This is the result of:
(1) the three popular accounting fallacies; namely,
(a) the stable measuring unit assumption (authorized by the IASB) ,
(b) financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units (authorized by the IASB) and
(c) the erosion of companies´ profits and capital by inflation (fully accepted by the IASB, the FASB);
(2) the fact that most accountants and accounting authorities do not understand the real value destroying effect of the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption on reported constant items never maintained during low inflationary periods when the stable measuring unit assumption/financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units is applied for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation and
(3) the fact that most accountants and accounting authorities do not understand the real value maintaining effect on constant items of continuously measuring financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation as approved by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a).
If they had understood the above, they would have stopped the stable measuring unit assumption / financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units by now.
This is what the International Accounting Standards Committee Board authorized 21 years ago in the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements, Par 104 (a):
"Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or in units of constant purchasing power."
It was adopted by the IASB in 2001.
Amazingly the very popular accounting fallacy of financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units and its perfect antidote are both authorized in the exact same IASB statement in 1989.
There are no specific IFRS relating to the concepts of capital or the concepts of capital maintenance. The Framework thus applies.
“In the absence of a Standard or an Interpretation that specifically applies to a transaction, management must use its judgement in developing and applying an accounting policy that results in information that is relevant and reliable. In making that judgement, IAS 8.11 requires management to consider the definitions, recognition criteria, and measurement concepts for assets, liabilities, income, and expenses in the Framework. This elevation of the importance of the Framework was added in the 2003 revisions to IAS 8."
IAS Plus, Deloitte December 2009
Copyright © 2005 - 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
Many accountants see themselves as simply providing historic economic information. They do not understand the fact that continuously maintaining the constant purchasing power of capital which requires continuously maintaining the real values of all constant items stable during inflation and deflation is a basic objective of accounting. This is the result of:
(1) the three popular accounting fallacies; namely,
(a) the stable measuring unit assumption (authorized by the IASB) ,
(b) financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units (authorized by the IASB) and
(c) the erosion of companies´ profits and capital by inflation (fully accepted by the IASB, the FASB);
(2) the fact that most accountants and accounting authorities do not understand the real value destroying effect of the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption on reported constant items never maintained during low inflationary periods when the stable measuring unit assumption/financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units is applied for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation and
(3) the fact that most accountants and accounting authorities do not understand the real value maintaining effect on constant items of continuously measuring financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during low inflation as approved by the IASB in the Framework, Par 104 (a).
If they had understood the above, they would have stopped the stable measuring unit assumption / financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units by now.
This is what the International Accounting Standards Committee Board authorized 21 years ago in the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements, Par 104 (a):
"Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or in units of constant purchasing power."
It was adopted by the IASB in 2001.
Amazingly the very popular accounting fallacy of financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units and its perfect antidote are both authorized in the exact same IASB statement in 1989.
There are no specific IFRS relating to the concepts of capital or the concepts of capital maintenance. The Framework thus applies.
“In the absence of a Standard or an Interpretation that specifically applies to a transaction, management must use its judgement in developing and applying an accounting policy that results in information that is relevant and reliable. In making that judgement, IAS 8.11 requires management to consider the definitions, recognition criteria, and measurement concepts for assets, liabilities, income, and expenses in the Framework. This elevation of the importance of the Framework was added in the 2003 revisions to IAS 8."
IAS Plus, Deloitte December 2009
Copyright © 2005 - 2010 Nicolaas J Smith
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