Difference between Fed and ECB

Difference between Fed and ECB

The Fed's mandate is "to promote sustainable growth, high levels of employment, stability of prices to help preserve the purchasing power of the dollar and moderate long-term interest rates." The ECB has no mandate to promote high levels of employment. The result is very real with 29 million unemployed in Europe.


Nicolaas Smith

Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

EMU countries are dollarized in terms of the Euro (Deutsche Mark)

EMU countries are dollarized in terms of the Euro (Deutsche Mark)

Dollarized countries have no independent monetary policies. EMU countries have no independent monetary policies. Their Central Banks have no autonomous monetary policy capability, the same as in dollarized countries like Zimbabwe, Equador and Panama.

Nicolaas Smith

Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

Unlimited credit for PIGS

America and Japan successfully use the economic policy of unlimited credit in their economies: creating inflation in the case of Japan and quantitive easing in the case of the USA. Germany used the policy of unlimited credit very successfully in the case of East Germany after unification, but refuses to agree to the ECB using it in the case of Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain.

Europe uses the economically destructive policy of austerity in Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain (PIGS).

Inflation means that where the inflation is created, i.e., where the unlimited credit or free money is injected in the economy the country receives unlimited credit at no cost while the rest of the economy (consumers) pays for it in a slight increase in prices over a single year.

The ECB should supply PIGS with unlimited credit and consumers in the European Monetary Union would pay for it in a sligth increase in prices in every transaction over a single year. This would eliminate the neccessity for disastrous bail-outs at punitive payback rates that could stretch over a number of years.

When PIGS are economically sound again, the ECB would stop the unlimited credit.

Nicolaas Smith

Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

Objectives of accounting / general purpose financial reporting

Objectives of accounting / general purpose financial reporting 

Updated on 14 January 2014

The objectives of general purpose financial reporting / accounting are

1. "To provide financial information about  the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity.”  Conceptual Framework

and

2. To legalise measurement bases that result in automatic capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of an index that follows all (at least DAILY) changes in the general price level for an indefinite period of time in entities that at least break even in real value - ceteris paribus - during low inflation, high inflation, hyperinflation and deflation.


Nicolaas Smith

Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

How to automatically maintain your compay´s capital (equity) constant in real value

How to automatically maintain your compay´s capital (equity) constant in real value

 

Stop the stable measuring unit assumption (i.e. stop Historical Cost Accounting).

Guidance

1.                  Implement IFRS-authorised Capital Maintenance in Units of Constant Purchasing Power in terms of a Daily Index.

2.                  Keep no monetary item overnight unless it is inflation-indexed on a daily basis during inflation.

3.                  Your General Conditions of Sale (Contracts) has to state that outstanding receivables and payables will be measured in units of constant purchasing power on a daily basis in terms of a Daily Index from the date of sale (contract) till the date of settlement.

Do not ask the IASB for guidance in this issue. They do not understand IFRS-authorised CMCUPP. Contact me for guidance at realvalueaccounting[at]yahoo.com.

Nicolaas Smith
Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

How to automatically stabilise your economy

How to automatically stabilise your economy

Stop the stable measuring unit assumption (i.e. stop Historical Cost Accounting).

 

Guidance

1.       Implement IFRS-authorised Capital Maintenance in Units of Constant Purchasing Power in terms of a Daily Index.

2.       Inflation-index all monetary items daily in terms of a Daily Index with all money inside the banking system.

3.       The Central Bank is required to pay to (during inflation) or receive from (during deflation) commercial banks interest in terms of the Daily Index on the total overnight cash balances in commercial banks.

Do not ask the IASB for guidance in this issue. They do not understand IFRS-authorised CMCUPP. Contact me for guidance at realvalueaccounting[at]yahoo.com.

Nicolaas Smith
Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

See Hyperinflation in action

See Hyperinflation r in action.

IASB incapable of expressing a view about IAS 29 in Zimbabwe

 
According to Michael Stewart, Director of Implementation Activities at the IASB:

'I made a comment that until such time as the IASB decides that IAS 29 should be either amended or withdrawn, it is the appropriate standard to apply when the functional currency of an entity is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy (as defined in that standard). I think this is very different from the statement that you have attributed to me that "the IASB is satisfied with the implementation of IAS 29 during 8 years in Zimbabwe's hyperinflationary economy". The IASB has not conducted a review of the implementation of IAS 29 during 8 years in Zimbabwe's hyperinflationary economy so it is not possible for the IASB to express such a view without having undertaken such a review.'

Personal communication, 2013

Most accountants in the world, except the members of the IASB according to Michael Stewart as well as himself, can express the view that the implementation of IAS 29 had no positive effect in Zimbabwe.

Only the IASB and Michael Stewart need a review.

Most other interested parties can recognise what is obvious in history.

Nicolaas Smith
Opinions on this blog expressed by me are my personal opinions.
Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

IASB clueless about financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power

IASB clueless about financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power

Updated 12-01-2014

The IASB does not understand the difference between

1. Financial statements measured in constant purchasing power units (Agenda Paper 20)

and

2. Financial statements prepared under the concept of financial capital maintenance in constant purchasing power units. (Paper Topic)

The proofs are in the links.

(The IASB removed the title of Agenda Paper 20 which hides (in order to hide?) the fact that they had the two different descriptions for the same item: the one in the Title of Agenda Paper 20 on the Schedule for the 22 - 23 January 2013 IFRS Interpretations Committee meeting and the other in the actual Paper Topic in the actual Agenda Paper 20 pdf file.)

The IASB does not understand that financial statements prepared under the CAPITAL MAINTENANCE CONCEPT of finacial capital maintenance in constant purchasing power units is very, very, very different from year end financial statements simply measured (restated after year-end) in constant purchasing power units. The IASB is as blind as a bat about capital maintenance: absolutely clueless. However, I have come to realise that this is simply a reflection of the general view in most (not all - see CPA Australia and the Institute of Chartered Accountants Australia´s view that the IASB has "a lack of understanding about the fundamental role a capital maintenance concept has within the accounting framework") of the accounting profession about the financial capital maintenance concept.

Agenda Paper 20 contains 16 unresolved errors / problems / disagreements with the submitter (me).

As can be seen from the links, the IASB uses the two different descriptions of two different concepts for (the same) Agenda Paper 20.


Nicolaas Smith


Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

Updated 12-01-2014

The most destructive requirement in IFRS authorised by the very inefficient IASB

The most destructive requirement in IFRS authorised by the very inefficient IASB

 

The failed IAS 29, the IASB´s greatest failure to date, affected the Zimbabwe economy very negatively during hyperinflation. It was implemented during various years in Zimbabwe´s hyperinflationary economy with no positive effect. The failed IAS 29 had a very negative effect since it encourages and requires the implementation of the Historical Cost Accounting model during hyperinflation, the most destructive requirement in IFRS authorised by the very inefficient IASB.

Nicolaas Smith
Opinions on this blog expressed by me are my personal opinions.
Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

Financial reporting affects the economy

Financial reporting affects the economy

Accounting which includes financial reporting affects the economy via the accounting policies and especially the measurement bases adopted by entities.  Accounting records economic activity. Economic activity is affected by the choice of accounting policies and measurement bases. Accounting is recording of economic activity. Accounting policies influence the choice of measurement bases which affects the economy.

The single most powerful measurement base affecting the economy is the choice of implementing the stable measuring unit assumption, i.e., choosing Historical Cost Accounting.

The actual implementation of the stable measuring unit assumption is not the recording of economic activity. Implementing the stable measuring unit assumption  is a business practice / policy which is after the event recorded via accounting and financial reporting when the period-end financial statements are prepared.

Thus implementing the stable measuring unit assumption is not accounting. It is the implementation of a business practice. The Conceptual Framework states that the choice of the measurement bases and the capital maintenance concept chosen, determines the accounting model.

HCA causes the cost of inflation and the cost of hyperinflation because it is chosen by the board of directors as the accounting model to be used by the entity. HCA requires the implementation of the stable measuring unit assumption in the measurement of certain items.

HCA determines the business practice. HCA decides when economic items will be required to be measured implementing the stable measuring unit assumption.

Thus, HCA causes the cost of inflation and the cost of hyperinflation, not actual inflation and actual hyperinflation which are economic processes, not accounting practices.

Nicolaas Smith
Opinions on this blog expressed by me are my personal opinions.
Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

Bank of Japan bows to inflation pressure.

CNN

Bank of Japan bows to inflation pressure.

World Bank response

World Bank response to my unsuccessful request for funding for Sustainable Development without Borders (NGO):


"The research that you propose would indeed be of great interest to countries experiencing high inflation rates."


Jean-Jaques Dethier
Research Manager
Development Economics
World Bank


Nicolaas Smith
Opinions on this blog expressed by me are my personal opinions.
Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

Venezuela in hyperinflation struggles for food supplies

Venezuela in hyperinflation struggles for food supplies

Nicolaas Smith Opinions on this blog expressed by me are my personal opinions. Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

Financial reporting is accounting and it does affect the economy

Financial reporting is accounting and it does affect the economy

 

Every accounting entry eventually is part of the financial reports for the financial period. To prepare the financial reports in terms of IFRS or US GAAP or whatever standard at the end of the financial period, an entity´s economic activities are accounted from the first till the last day of the financial period. That all ends up finally in the financial report. The measurement bases used during the reporting period do affect the economy. In principle, it all boils down to whether you implement the stable measuring unit assumption or not.

 

To be able to prepare the financial reports at the year-end you have to do the whole financial year’s accounting: from the beginning to the end. So, all of accounting is part of financial reporting. It is impossible to do the financial reports without accounting.

 

David Mosso stated that accounting is a measurement instrument. He could just as well have stated financial reporting is a measurement instrument. Financial reporting includes accounting: all accounting entries during the financial year and the financial reports at the end of the financial period.

 

So, financial reporting does affect the economy.

 

 

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Nicolaas Smith
Opinions on this blog expressed by me are my personal opinions.
Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

Implementation of the failed IAS 29 in Zimbabwe

The implementation of daily measurement of most non-monetary and some monetary items in units of constant purchasing power in terms of a daily index based almost entirely on the daily USD free-market exchange rate during hyperinflation, for example the Unidade Real de Valor (URV), in Brazil during 30 years of very high and hyperinflation resulted in a relative stable non-monetary economy from 1964 to 1994 in that country. Brazil´s hyperinflation ended in 1994 with the implementation of the Real Plan. IAS 29 was authorized in 1989.

The above model of daily measurement in units of constant purchasing power did not happen during the implementation of the failed IAS 29 during hyperinflation in Zimbabwe.

In this respect, the implementation of the failed IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies, had no positive effect on the economy in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe´s economy imploded in 2008.

Under IFRS-authorised Capital Maintenance in Units of Constant Purchasing Power in terms of a URV-based Daily Index, Zimbabwe´s economy would not have imploded in 2008. This model would today stabilise Belarus, Venezuela and (I am sorry, President Obama) Iran´s economy.

CMUCPP was authorised in IFRS in the original Framework (1989), Par. 104 (a), now the Conceptual Framework (2010), Par. 4.59 (a) which states:

"Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or in units of constant purchasing power."

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Nicolaas Smith
Opinions on this blog expressed by me are my personal opinions.
Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

Pay by phone in the UK with just your telephone number

Pay by phone in the UK with just your telephone number.

BBC

Venezuela´s on track for the highest inflation in the world this year.

CNN Venezuela´s on track for the highest inflation in the world this year.

No guidance from the IASB to hyperinflationary countries

No guidance from the IASB to hyperinflationary countries

 

The replacement of the failed IAS 29 was not initially about the replacement of the failed IAS 29 restatement model; it was initially about when – at what level of annual or cumulative inflation – the failed IAS 29 restatement model has to be implemented as stated by the Chairman of the IASB, Mr Hans Hoogervorst, in the covering letter to the 2011 Agenda Consultation comment letter request.

 

The Argentinean Federation (supported by the Mexican, Chilean and Brazilian accounting standard-setting authorities) proposed the continued use of the failed IAS 29 restatement model at 10% annual inflation or at 26% cumulative inflation over three years instead of at 100% cumulative inflation over three years as required in the failed IAS 29. They proposed this in their draft IFRS ´X`INFLATION submitted to the IASB in 2010. I support a change from HCA at the above levels of inflation as proposed by the Argentinean Federation as I set out in my amendment to the Argentinean Federation´s proposal in which I changed the core principle and the name of the proposal from IFRS ´X`INFLATION to  IFRS ´X`CAPITAL MAINTENANCE IN UNITS OF CONSTANT PURCHASING POWER. In it I propose the adoption of the IFRS-authorised CMUCPP model instead of the failed IAS 29 restatement model. I am totally against the continuance of the failed IAS 29 restatement model which had no positive effect during its implementation during 8 years in Zimbabwe´s hyperinflation.

 

In my opinion, the future replacement of the failed IAS 29 is only now being researched correctly to determine:

 

(1)        Whether it is correct to implement a change in financial reporting at 10% annual inflation or at 26% cumulative inflation over three years as proposed in the Argentinean Accounting Federation´s proposal IFRS `X´ INFLATION instead of at 100% cumulative inflation over three years as required in the failed IAS 29 and

(2)        Whether the failed IAS 29 restatement model should be maintained in the future replacement of IAS 29 or whether it should be replaced with the IFRS-authorised Capital Maintenance in Units of Constant Puchasing Power in terms of a Daily Index model as proposed in the amended IFRS ´X`CAPITAL MAINTENANCE IN UNITS OF CONSTANT PURCHASING POWER.

 

I do realise that I may also be totally wrong in my assumption that the replacement of the failed IAS 29 now also includes the analysis of whether or not the failed replacement model should be replaced with the IFRS-authorised Capital Maintenance in Units of Constant Purchasing Power model. There is no official statement from the IASB to this effect. The IASB so far only indicated officially what its Chairman, Mr Hans Hoogervorst, stated in the 2011 Agenda Consultation comment letter request document: “Inflation accounting (revisions to IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies)

IAS 29 provides guidance on the preparation of financial statements in a functional currency that is suffering from hyperinflation. Concerns have been raised from some countries whose economies suffer from high inflation, but which are not hyperinflationary. Those concerns are that the effects of high inflation on an entity’s financial results are not adequately reflected in IFRS financial statements. A research paper was prepared on this issue and submitted to the IASB

by the Federación Argentina de Consejos Profesionales de Ciencias Económicas. A future project could use this research paper to consider revisions to IAS 29 to include guidance for entities whose functional currency is that of an economy subject to high inflation, but not to hyperinflation.”

 

The fact that I have sent an amendment to the Argentinean Federation´s proposal to the IASB in January 2012, does not mean that my proposal to change the core principle of the Argentinean Federation´s proposal from INFLATION to CAPITAL MAINTENANCE IN UNITS OF CONSTANT PURCHASING POWER was accepted by the IASB as a second valid reason for replacing the failed IAS 29. In my opinion, there seems to be very little understanding of the benefits of the IFRS-authorised CMUCPP in terms of a Daily Index model at the IASB.

 

During my collaboration with the IASB in my IFRIC agenda request I was informed, I assume unofficially, “And with regard to the point on whether the IASB would accept the method written in the IFRS 'X', I would say that it won't be a short period of time to know if the IASB decides to use that concept. As you know, currently it is just a research project and therefore it is reasonable to expect the IASB to take a time to decide if it wants to add the project to the IASB's agenda. After that, it will decide what kind of model the IASB should explore.”

 

However, there is nothing official from the IASB regarding researching the future replacement of the failed IAS 29 with the view of replacing the failed restatement model as required in the failed IAS 29 with the IFRS-authorised CMUCPP model in terms of a Daily Index as proposed in the amendment IFRS `X´ CAPITAL MAINTENANCE IN UNITS OF CONSTANT PURCHASING POWER.

 

The last indication I had from the IASB was from what Micheal Stewart, the Director of Implementation Activities at the IASB, very firmly indicated during the teleconference on 8 January 2013, namely that the IASB is satified with the implementation of IAS 29  during 8 years in Zimbabwe´s hyperinflationary economy, because financial reporting has no effect in the economy. This statement from Michael Stewart is obviously totally wrong. That was his very firm response when I asked him what the IASB´s response was to the fact that IAS 29 had no positive effect during 8 years of implementation during Zimbabwe´s hyperinflation. According to him it is what people do with the information in financial reports that affects the economy.

 

View that financial reporting has no effect in the economy may be widely held at the IASB

 

In my opinion, the IASB has a very irresponsible attitude to the fact that the implementation of IFRS-authorised Capital Maintenance in Units of Constant Purchasing Power in terms of a Daily Index in the current hyperinflationary economies of Belarus, Venezuela and Iran would stabilise these countries´ economies. In my opinion, this may be because the view that financial reporting has no effect in the economy may be widely held at the IASB: it may not be generally accepted or realised (understood) at the IASB that financial reporting affects the economy (see Michael Stewart´s very firm indication in this regard) and that the implementation of CMUCPP in terms of a Daily Index – as authorised in IFRS in 1989 – would very quickly stabilise the hyperinflationary economies in Belarus, Venezuela and Iran.

 

This is only my private opinion: I may be wrong. Maybe the IASB does realise that CMUCPP in terms of a Daily Index – as authorised in IFRS in 1989 – would stabilise the above hyperinflationary economies very quickly and are about the put the replacement of the failed IAS 29 on a fast track.

 

On the other hand, I doubt this very much especially when Michael Stewart indicated very firmly that financial reporting has no effect in the economy: a totally wrong – and very worrying - indication. I thus have little hope for guidance from the IASB for the accountants in the above hyperinflationary countries. An IFRS requiring CMUCPP in terms of a Daily Index during hyperinflation – CMUCPP was authorised in IFRS as an option to HCA in 1989 at all levels of inflation and deflation, including during hyperinflation - would stabilise these countries´ economies overnight at no cost. In my opinion, the IASB does not demonstrate the necessary understanding of the real value maintaining benefits of CMUCPP in terms of a Daily Index during hyperinflation to authorise such an IFRS and to provide such guidance. So, in my opinion, concluding from what I have stated before, the IASB would, most probably, also not be able to sufficiently understand (similar to what I personally experienced with the two IASB staff members in my collaboration with them during my IFRIC agenda request) the real value maintaining benefits of IFRS-authorised Capital Maintenance in Units of Constant Purchasing Power in terms of a Daily Index, to put the replacement of the failed IAS 29 on a fast track. In my opinion, Michael Stewart will certainly not be able to convey the real value maintaining benefits of IFRS-authorised CMUCPP in terms of a Daily Index to the IASB. In my opinion, he does not understand those benefits and he would not be able to describe those benefits in detail nor the reason why IFRS-authorised CMUCPP in terms of a Daily Index affects the economy very positively. According to him financial reporting has no effect in the economy: in my opinion, a totally wrong understanding of financial reporting.  That is very unfortunate for the populations of Belarus, Venezuela and Iran and the populations of all high inflationary countries in the world economy.

 

The benefits of CMUCPP in terms of a daily index was instinctively understood and widely implemented in Brazil during very high and hyperinflation from 1964 to 1994: it was widespread. It was also implemented instinctively and widely understood in Chile from 1967 to 2010 (mostly during low inflation) and in other Latin American countries: it was widespread in Latin America. Latin American countries seem to have understood it instinctively and applied it widely during low inflation, very high and hyperinflation.

 

The IASB, at best, could actively assist, like IASB staff actively assisted the Argentinean Federation in the preparation of their 2010 proposal, the national accounting standard-setting authorities in the above hyperinflationary countries to rapidly authorise national accounting standards requiring IFRS-authorised Capital Maintenance in Units of Constant Purchasing Power in terms of a Daily Index in order to stabilise these countries´economies – before the requirement by the IASB of IFRS-authorised CMUCPP in the replacement of the failed IAS 29.

 

With respect to both

 

(1)        the preparation of the IFRIC agenda request, namely: to include in IFRIC that “IAS 29 is not required during hyperinflation when an entity implements CMUCPP because this model is not a HCA model and only HC and CC financial statements are restated as required in IAS 29”, being directed by Michael Stewart, as well as

(2)        the future work (as detailed above) on the replacement of the failed IAS 29,

 

it is important to acknowledge that it is a fact that financial reporting affects the economy – and that it is not what Michael Stewart very firmly indicated, namely that financial reporting has no effect in the economy.

 

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Nicolaas Smith

Copyright (c) 2005-2012 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.

Financial reporting affects the economy

Financial reporting affects the economy

 

From the here it is very clear that financial reporting affects the economy.

 

According to Michael Stewart, the Director of Implementation Activities at the International Accounting Standards Board, financial reporting has no effect in the economy and that is the reason why the IASB is satisfied with the implementation of IAS 29 during 8 years in Zimbabwe´s hyperinflationary economy with no positive effect.

 

The above indication by Michael Stewart is completely wrong.

 

It is very strange and very worrying that a senior director at the IASB makes such an indication which, in my opinion, indicates no understanding on the part of Michael Stewart of the effect of financial reporting in the economy. This was certainly the impression to me during the teleconference on 8 January 2013: in my opinion, Michael Stewart has no understanding of the effect of financial reporting in the economy otherwise he would have clearly indicated such understanding during the teleconference which dealt very much with the measurement of economic items in units of constant purchasing power in terms of a Daily Index, i.e., with IFRS-authorised CMUCPP. He indicated the opposite.

Update from Michael Stewart: "In response to comments you made about how you think that CMUCPP would have solved Zimbabwe's hyperinflation problem, I expressed a view about the effect of financial reporting on the economy. As you noted in your blog of 10 January 2013 I expressed a view that it is the actions that people take and the way that they use the information contained in financial reporting that I think can affect an economy, rather than just the financial reporting itself (in retrospect I accept that the language I used could have been more specific to the matter we were discussing, which was about how financial reporting could have solved Zimbabwe's hyperinflation problem)."

 

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Nicolaas Smith

Copyright (c) 2005-2012 Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved. No reproduction without permission.