The Investor and the Real Value Accountant

Port Elizabeth Coat of Arms


Investor said:

"They will not create new real value out of nothing by just passing some accounting entries. They will boost the SA real economy BY NOT DESTROYING EXISTING REAL VALUE"
I don't get it? how do book keeping entries not destroy wealth. I ddon't get the connection at all. Please explain in lay man's terms so I can follow the mechanics.

Real Value Accountant said:

Hi Investor,

How is my beloved PE? Still windy? I see on Google Earth that Sardinia Bay is still the same. Theesecombe (where I grew up) and Kragga Kamma have changed a bit. So has Lorraine. Where do you stay in PE? Did you go to UPE? Which schools did you attend?

Your questions:

Let me start off by saying that I did not invent financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power. The International Accounting Standards Board formulated it in 1989 in the Framework, Par. 104 (a) and other paragraphs in the Framework.

How do bookkeeping entries not destroy value – in lay man’s terms?

As follows:

Let´s start with your salary. Your salary is an income statement constant item as opposed to a balance sheet constant item.

Bookkeeping is double entry; that is, for every debit there is a credit.

Dr Salaries R20 000
Cr Salaries payable R20 000

Your salary in Year 1.

Inflation 6.9%

Entries for Year 2

Dr Salaries (R20 000 X 1.069) R21 380
Cr Salaries payable R21 380

Your salary was updated at 6.9% from R20 000 to R21 380. In real value it is exactly the same thing. You got no increase. Simply an inflation-adjustment of your basic salary.

Your salary was inflation-adjusted because it´s real value was measured in units of constant purchasing power as all salaries are world wide.

Bookkeeping entries in Year 2 – the inflation-adjusted values – means the real value of your salary was NOT destroyed.

If your salary was NOT updated in Year 2 and you were still paid R20 000 you will agree that the real value of your salary would have been destroyed by 6.9%.

Not because of inflation, but because your accountant measured the real value of your salary in nominal monetary units or at historical cost. Your accountant applied the stable measuring unit assumption and assumed, just for the purpose of valuing your salary, that there was no such thing as inflation. He or she assumed that the Rand was perfectly stable. So it is his or her selection of the historical cost measurement basis that destroyed the real value of your salary.

Your accountant can also, as they all actually do, measure the real value of your salary in units of constant purchasing power and maintain its real value no matter what the rate of inflation is. So it is not inflation that is destroying your salary when it is not updated, but the measuring basis your accountant chooses.

World wide all accountants select the historical cost accounting model, BUT, they value salaries, NOT at historical cost, but in units of constant purchasing power.

However, they do NOT value retained profits, which is also a constant item, in units of constant purchasing power, like they do with your salary. All of them value retained profits during low inflation at historical cost.

So, you know that they destroy retained profits´ real value at a rate equal to the inflation rate exactly as they would have done with your salary if they had not inflation-adjusted it in Year 2.

Bookkeeping for Retained Profits

Year 1

Retained Profits R 40.665 billion (ABSA´s balance at 31.12.08)

Year 2

Retained Profits R40.665 billion (That 31.12.08 value in ABSA´s books carried forward to 31.12.09) under historical cost accounting.

Real value destroyed by ABSA´s board of director´s decision to implement the historical cost accounting model:

R40.665 x 0.069 (if inflation stays at 6.9 % for the whole of 2009) = R 2.806 billion

So, when ABSA´s board decides to select financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as the IASB authorized them to do in the Framework, Par. 104 (a) twenty year ago, the entries will be as follows:

ABSA 31.12.2008

Retained Profits R40.665 billion

ABSA 31.12.2009

Retained Profits R43.471 billion

You will ask: where does that value come from. It is not new value. It is simple existing real value maintained by inflation-adjusting the real value.

But, you will say: accounting is double entry.

Yes, you are right.

Let us assume ABSA´s balance sheet is as follows:

ABSA at 31.12.2008 under their current Historical Cost Accounting model as selected by their current board of directors.

Assets Liabilities

Trade Debtors R40.665 billion Retained Profits R40.665 billion

Nothing changes during the whole of 2009

ABSA at 31.12.2009 under their current Historical Cost Accounting model as selected by their current board of directors.

Assets Liabilities

Trade Debtors R40.665 billion Retained Profits R40.665 billion

Everything stays exactly the same.

We all know that everything did not stay exactly the same. We all know that that R40.665 billion in Retained profits and R40.665 billion in Trade Debtors are not the same in real value after a year of 6.9% inflation.

But, that is how things are done. So, that´s it then. SA accountants destroy R200 billion per annum in this way.

Their auditors will sign the above accounts off as fairly representing the ABSA business with accounts drawn up on the historical cost basis and compliant with IFRS.

If ABSA´s board of directors suddenly wakes up to the billions of real value they are destroying year after year (or if the SA government forces them to stop the real value destruction), they will select to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of the Framework, Par. 104 (a) which is fully complaint with IFRS.

Their accounts will then be as follows:


ABSA at 31.12.2008 under Constant Item Purchasing Power Accounting

Assets Liabilities

Trade Debtors R40.665 billion Retained Profits R40.665 billion

Nothing changes during the whole of 2009 except that inflation for the whole year was 6.9%.


ABSA at 31.12.2008 under Constant Item Purchasing Power Accounting

Assets Liabilities

Trade Debtors R43.471 billion Retained Profits R43.471 billion


Their auditors will sign the above accounts off as fairly representing the ABSA business with accounts drawn up on the Constant Item Purchasing Power Accounting basis and compliant with IFRS.

So, you can see that ABSA under current historical cost accounting lost R2.806 billion by not updating their Trade Debtors and their Retained Profits as they should have.

This loss is not stated anywhere. It just happens - like the loss in the real value of the Rand.

Under historical cost accounting during low inflation, the net monetary loss caused by inflation in the real value of the Rand is not stated anywhere.

But, lo and behold: let SA get into hyperinflation which is 26% inflation for 3 years in a row, and suddenly: hey presto: net monetary loss will appear in all financial reports and constant purchasing power accounting everywhere.



But, only during hyperinflation. Out of hyperinflation and all SA accountants will state that there is no such thing as a net monetary loss.

What a joke accounting seems to be. Anything goes, as long as everyone is doing it.

Nobody has much faith in economists after the last financial crisis.

Imagine what this is going to do to the image of accountants. They are killing the real economy left, right and centre. All of them, everywhere. The least damage would be done if accountants admit the Historical Cost Mistake quickly and then ban Historical Cost Accounting.

If the SA government can grasp the amount of real value destroyed by SA accountants in the SA real economy each and every year, they should ban Historical Cost Accounting in SA.

Their auditors will sign the above accounts off as fairly representing the ABSA business with accounts drawn up on the Constant Item Purchasing Power Accounting basis and compliant with IFRS.



Investor, I hope you understand the above.

Give my regards to all in PE,

Nicolaas Smith

Capital maintenance for dummies

Companies´ capital and retained profits are like salaries: constant items.

When your salary is not inflation-adjusted, its real vlaue is destroyed at the rate of inflation. We all know that. No-one disagrees. Not even Market Monkey :-)

Exactly the same is true for companies´ capital and retained profits.

No-one inflation adjusts companies´ capital and retained profits during low inflation.

Result: SA accountants unknowingly destroy the real value of companies´ capital and retained profits by not inflation-adjusting them.

This amounts to about R200 billion for SA per annum.

When SA accountants inflation-adjust companies´ capital and retained profits they will boost the SA real economy by at least R200 billion PER ANNUM forever - year after year after year.

They will not create new real value out of nothing by just passing some accounting entries. They will boost the SA real economy BY NOT DESTROYING EXISTING REAL VALUE as they unknowingly do at the moment in all SA banks and companies with their stable measuring unit assumption. They value capital and retained profits at historical cost. They refuse point blank to inflation-adjust them.

You all work so hard to create that capital and retained profits and make SA grow. SA accountants unknowingly and unintentionally quietly simply destroy their real values at the rate of inflation right under your noses - year after year after year.

Inflation-adjusting capital and retained profits during low inflation was authorized by the International Accounting Standards Board 20 years ago. It is compliant with International Financial Reporting Standards.

That would be wonderful for everybody in SA, wouldn´t it?

Stronger banks and companies meaning a stonger economy with more investment capital available meaning more jobs and more growth.

Kindest regards,

Nicolaas Smith

1.1% Drop in inflation lowers ABSAs 6 monthly real value destruction to R1.910 bn from R2.348 bn

Inflation can only destroy the real value of the Rand and other monetary items in the SA monetary economy.

Inflation can not destroy the real value of ABSA´s Retained Earnings.

ABSA´s board of directors selecting the historical cost accounting model unknowinly destroys the real value of the bank´s existing Retained Earnings at a rate equal to the rate of inflation by implementing the stable measuring unit assumption.

When ABSA´s board of directors choose to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as the International Accounting Standard Board authorized them to do 20 years ago in the Framework, Par. 104 (a) which states: "Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or in units of constant purchasing power", which is compliant with International Financial Reporting Standards (see IAS8.11), they will knowingly maintain the real value of the bank´s Retained Earnings no matter what the rate of inflation in SA instead of destroying the real value of the existing Retained Earnings at a rate equal to the rate of inflation as they are unknowingly doing right now.

ABSA had R40.665 billion in Retained Earnings at 31.12.08. ABSA´s board of directors selected the historical cost model to do the bank´s accounting. The group financial director, Jacques Schindehütte, continue to implement the stable measuring unit assumption and continue to unknowingly destroy group retained earnings at a rate equal to the rate of inflation.

Luckily for him and the board, inflation is down to 6.9% in June and he and they unknowingly only destroyed R1.910 billion in retained earnings in the 6 months to June 2009, instead of R2.438 billion if the inflation rate had stayed at 8.0% to June, 2009.

The 1.1% drop in the inflation rate means they unknowingly maintain R438 million in the existing real value of the bank´s Retained Earnings. That can now be paid out in a higher dividend or can be kept in the bank to grow the bank´s business.

Unfortunately, as long as the board of directors select the historical cost model to do the bank´s accounts, they will unkowingly keep on destroying even the value they now unknowingly maintain because of the drop in inflation.

Kindest regards,

Nicolaas Smith

The Market Monkey and the Real Value Accountant

Market Monkey said:

Sorry NS but I'm kinda in the other camp.

I don't believe historic cost accounting destroys any real world value.

The people using the accounts to either [a] determine the company's market value, [b] determine the dividend or [c] determine next years salaries all adjust the figures to take inflation into account.

For me the accounts are just records and I much prefer them to be historic cost because then I know what I'm dealing with and I can make my own adjustments. I use accounts on a daily basis and I am 100% sure which method I prefer ... and constant purchasing power accounting ain't it.

Best luck with ya crusade though.

MM.

The Real Value Accountant said:

Hi Market Monkey,

First of all: you use constant ITEM purchasing power accounting – not constant purchasing power accounting - every day and you do not even know it. We’ll come to that later.

You are 100% correct in (a) that inflation is taken into account by investors on the JSE in determining the real value of a company’s market value - a variable real value non-monetary item. The function of financial accounting as presented in the financial statements is not to value the business as a whole, but to convey value information about the economic resources of a business. This distinction recognizes the need to segregate the accounting function from the investor function. Thus, a company’s market value can be higher or lower than the company’s net book value.

You are also 100% correct that inflation is taken into account to determine next year´s salaries. Salaries are constant real value non-monetary items. Salaries, wages, rentals and many other Income Statement constant real value non-monetary items are valued in terms of units of constant purchasing power by all companies in all economies world wide – generally speaking. You do not seem to realize that measurement in units of constant purchasing power has been used for this purpose for ages.

You are 100% wrong as far as (b) is concerned in the non-hyperinflationary world: the fact that inflation destroys the real value of the Rand is not taken into account by anyone in SA for determining the dividend. They simply use what is in the Retained Earnings account. They value Retained Earnings as you agree they should value it: at historical cost although the IASB authorized them 20 years ago to value it in real value maintaining units of constant purchasing power. You and SA accountants refuse to do that.

You will agree with me that R100 000 kept at home for a year in brand new notes will have lost 6.9% of their real value one year from now – ceteris paribus. You will agree with me that not accounting but inflation destroys the real value of the Rand.

You will also agree with me that if you close your company’s accounts today and you have R100 000 in net after tax profits and you decide not to declare the R100 000 in dividend to yourself as sole-owner of the company but rather keep it in the company as retained earnings and you then pay that dividend to yourself in a year’s time you will receive R100 000 in nominal value but 6.9% less in real value – all else being equal. You will agree with me that your decision to use historical cost accounting – more exactly the stable measuring unit assumption whereby you do not update retained earnings in your books – resulted in historical cost accounting – and not inflation - destroying 6.9% of the real value of your retained earnings over the next year – as it is doing to all companies´ retained earnings in SA.

Why? Because you could have chosen in terms of the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) – approved 20 years ago – to measure your financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power. Par. 104 (a) states: “Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or in units of constant purchasing power.”

You can inflation-adjust all constant items in your business – no matter what the rate of inflation. So, it is not inflation that is destroying the real value of your retained earnings. It is your selection of the historical cost accounting model. When you choose constant ITEM purchasing power accounting you maintain the real value of your retained earnings forever – ceteris paribus.

This is not 1970-style Constant Purchasing Power INFLATION accounting whereby ALL non-monetary items are inflation adjusted.

This is Constant ITEM Purchasing Power BASIC accounting whereby ONLY constant items are inflation adjusted – as approved by the IASB 20 year ago and which is compliant with IFRS.

So, there you have it Market Monkey: you agree with me that historical cost accounting destroys value. Easy, isn’t it?

Btw: the total real value destroyed in this fashion by SA accountants implementing historical cost accounting for SA as a whole is conservatively estimated at about R200 billion PER ANNUM.

When they switch over to constant ITEM purchasing power accounting they will maintain R200 billion PER ANNUM in the SA real economy FOREVER – ceteris paribus.

I am sure you will agree with me that maintaining existing R200 billion PER ANNUM instead of each and every year destroying that value - as SA accountant are unknowingly doing right now - will make quite a difference to the SA real economy.

So, now I have proved to you - without any doubt - that

"historic cost accounting destroys real world value."

We all live and learn.

I´m sure you will be able to teach me many things about the market that I previously did not understand.

Kindest regards

Nicolaas Smith

Trust me, I´m an accountant: I will destroy your retained profits at a rate equal to the inflation rate.

AccountingWeb has a headline on the web at the moment:

Trust me. I am an accountant.

Well, that is the historical cost accounting fantasy story.

Here is the real value real story:

Trust me. I am an accountant. I will destroy all your constant items never updated at a rate equal to the rate of inflation.

Kindest regards,

Nicolaas Smith

6.1 percent real increase in salaries is good for internal demand. Hope it is not inflationary.

A 13% nominal increase for municipal workers is a 6.1% real increase with annual inflation at 6.9%.

That is good for internal demand in the SA economy. Workers will have 6.9% more real value to spend in the internal economy.

It would be wonderful if the trade unions and workers could find a way to force SA accountants to abandon their silly stable measuring unit assumption.

That would boost the SA real economy by R200 billion each and every year forever.

Just imagine how many extra jobs would be created with a R200 billion boost in the real economy each and every year for an unlimited period of time.

It must be remembered that if shops now push up all prices by 13% then workers will have a zero increase in real value. The real value of their salaries will stay exactly the same. They will have no increase at all.

Let´s see how the battle between shops and Gill Marcus turn out eventually.

It will obviously be a disaster if inflation increases to 13 % again.

Kindest regards,

Nicolaas Smith

A 1% drop in inflation

A 1% drop in inflation means that R19.5 billion will be maintained in the real value of the SA money supply (real value of the Rand) over the next year - if nothing else changes.

It also means that SA accountants will unknowingly destroy 1% or about R850 million less in the real value of the existing retained profits of JSE listed companies with their stable measuring unit assumption.

They will unknowingly only destroy about R84.15 billion in existing JSE retained profits over the next year - ceteris paribus.


© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved
No reproduction without permission

Salaries and wages under Constant Item Purchasing Power Accounting

Under Constant Item Purchasing Power Accounting (CIPPA) all constant items´ - including salaries and wages - real values are maintained constant by updating or inflation-adjusting them in terms of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) on a monthly basis.

As the CPI changes month by month, so are salaries and wages adjusted - on a monthly basis. They thus remain at the same real value from month to month all year long.

When annual salary and wage increases have to be negotiated, all that have to be discussed are real increases of one or two or three or more per cent for real increases in productivity as a result of technology improvements, efficiency, etc, or social upliftment or other adjustments for whatever reasons.

What is important to understand is that CIPPA is a double entry accounting model like all accounting models: the books have to balance - in real value, or, the books always do actually balance - in real value - when there is no stable measuring unit assumption whereby SA accountants simply assume that ONLY for the purpose of valuing constant items, there is suppose to be no such thing as inflation, or, inflation is permanentely zero percent, or, the Rand is perfectly stable all the time. Note: they ONLY apply this rule to some constant items, namely issued share capital, retained profits, all other items in shareholders equity - basically all balance sheet constant items. SA accountants are forced by the trade unions to inflation-adjust salaries and wages, for example. The trade unions do not get involved with the valuing of the other items in the income statement, so, accountants value them at historical cost.

Maintaining the real values of salaries and wages as well as all other constant real value non-monetary items (issued share capital, retained profits, all other items in shareholders´ equity, trade debtors, trade creditors, taxes payable, taxes receivable, all other non-monetary payables and all other non-monetary receivables, etc) constant does not mean paying more real value.

It simply means rejecting SA accountants´ stable measuring unit assumption. ALL constant items are maintained constant by means of computerized monthly CPI adjustments well as maintaining all variable real value non-monetary items at their up-to-date market values, fair values, net realizable values, recoverable values or present values as they are valued in terms of International Financial Reporting Standards or SA Generally Accepted Accounting Practice.

All that have to be calculated correctly thereafter to make the books balance, is the net monetary loss or net monetary gain depending on the level of inflation and the average monetary value balance in a company month by month.

Kindest regards,

Nicolaas Smith

Anglo Plats destroyed R848 million over the last 6 months

Anglo Plats had Accumulated Profits of R 19.045 billion on 31 Dec 2007. Their Board of Directors selected the Historical Cost basis to do their accounting in 2008. They thus do not update the real value of their Accumulated Profits. By not updating it, they destroy its real value at a rate equal to the rate of inflation - the same as you lose real value in Rands you keep at home.

The CPI was 93.3 on 31 Dec 2007 and 102.2 on 31 Dec 2008. If they had applied the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) [approved 20 years ago] and measured financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power which is compliant with IFRS, they would have maintained that existing R19.045 billion real value on 31.12.07 to the amount of 19.045 X (102.2/93.3) } R20.862 billion on 31.12.2008. They did not. So, they destroyed R20.862 - R19.045 billion = R1.817 billion in the real value of their Accumulated Profits.

On 31.12.2008 they had R19.691 billion (CPI 102.2) of Accumulated Profits. The CPI at the end of May, 2009 was 106.6. They destroyed a further R848 million in the real value of their Accumulated profits over the last 6 months (June CPI not yet available).

The estimated total destroyed like this ANNUALLY for all JSE listed companies in the real value of their Accumulated Profits is about R85 billion.

The conservatively estimated total for SA is about R200 billion PER ANNUM.

Makes you think? Or does it not?

Kindest regards,

Nicolaas Smith

The unknown enemy

Everybody must be very happy to hear that Gill Marcus will be an enemy of inflation.

Milton Friedman stated correctly that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. Inflation only destroys the real value of the Rand and other monetary items in the SA monetary economy. Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.

The economy consists of three parts:

1. The monetary economy - the Rand money supply and other monetary items like bank loans, credit card loans, home loans, student loans, etc.

2. The variable item economy - everything you see around you except actual money and bank/loan accounts: items with variable prices over time (cars, houses, products, etc)

3. The constant item economy - salaries, wages, rents, company issued share capital, retained profits in companies, trade debtors, trade creditors, taxes payable, taxes receivable, etc: items with constant real values over time (you know your salary or wage has a constant real value over time).

We all know that inflation is the enemy in the monetary economy. Inflation can only destroy the real value of the Rand and other monetary items - at 8% per annum at the moment. It has destroyed 93.2% of the real value of the Rand since January 1981. Cumulative inflation since then now runs at 1 354%. Taking it from another date: inflation has destroyed 61.9% of the real value of the Rand since April, 1994 because we have had 162% cumulative inflation since the start of the current government.

There are no enemies in the variable item economy because the market eventually kills all enemies to its proper working: variable items are mostly exchanged at market prices determined by supply and demand.

The enemy in the constant item economy has been killed off by COSATU and other trade unions in the past and in the present in salaries and wages. Trade unions ensured in the past and ensure in the present that the enemy of constant wages and salaries, accountants´ stable measuring unit assumption, is dead and stays dead. COSATU and other trade unions see to it that the real values of salaries and wages are measured in units of constant purchasing power. COSATU and other trade unions reject SA accountants´ stable measuring unit assumption: i.e. they see to it that salaries and wages are inflation-adjusted in a low inflation environment.
SA accountants´ stable measuring unit assumption whereby they simply assume there is no such thing as inflation (accountants simply assume the Rand is PERFECTLY stable for this purpose) is so ingrained in accountants´ minds that it has become a completely unknown enemy to the constant item economy as far as the valuation of SA companies´ issued share capital, retained profits, debtors, creditors, taxes payable, taxes receivable, etc are concerned.

Accountants - after very many years of pressure from trade unions - inflation-adjust salaries and wages in low inflation environments but they refuse point blank to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power although the International Accounting Standards Board authorized them to do exactly that 20 years ago in the Framework, Par. 104 (a) which states: "Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or in units of constant purchasing power."

SA accountants simply refuse to reject their stable measuring unit assumption during low inflation.
So, what is the result of SA accountants´ stable measuring unit assumption: they refuse point blank to update the existing real values of SA banks´ and companies´ existing retained profits, for example. This means they unknowingly destroy the existing real value of all SA banks´ and companies´ existing retained profits at a rate equal to the annual rate of inflation because they value these items in Rands. This amounts to them unknowingly destroying about R85 billion PER ANNUM just in the existing real value of existing retained profits of companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. They are unknowingly doing it right now.

It is conservatively estimated that they unknowingly destroy about R200 billion PER ANNUM in the existing real value of existing constant items never updated in the SA constant item economy. They are unknowingly doing it this year as they unknowingly did last year and as they unknowingly will do next year if they carry on with their stable measuring unit assumption.

What will happen when SA accountants follow the IASB´s advice given 20 years ago and stop their stable measuring unit assumption?

They will knowingly boost the existing SA constant item economy with at least R200 billion PER ANNUM for an unlimited period of time in the future - ceteris paribus - by simply maintaining instead of destroying existing real values in existing constant items. Now they destroy them with their stable measuring unit assumption. When they stop their stable measuring unit assumption they will maintain them.

SA accountants can not and do not create real value out of nothing by simply passing some accounting entries. They will boost the existing SA constant item economy by about R200 billion PER ANNUM for an unlimited period of time by not destroying existing real value in existing constant items as they did in the past and as they are doing right now whenever they stop their stable measuring unit assumption.


© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved
No reproduction without permission

The stable measuring unit assumption is the enemy in the real economy

Fin24.com today reported that:

"Head of research at the South African Reserve Bank (Sarb), Dr Johan van den Heever, said Governor-elect Gill Marcus will be an enemy of inflation when she takes over on November 9. "

I am very happy to hear that.

I am sure that Gill Marcus and the SARB know that inflation is a uniquely monetary phenomenon and only destroys the real value of the Rand - currently at 8% per annum - and other monetary items in the SA monetary economy.

Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.

"Purchasing power of non monetary items does not change in spite of variation in national currency value."

Prof. Dr. Ümit GUCENME, Dr. Aylin Poroy ARSOY, Changes in financial reporting in Turkey, Historical Development of Inflation Accounting 1960 - 2005, Page 9.

http://www.mufad.org/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=9&Itemid=100

Inflation has no effect on the SA real or non-monetary economy. The Historical Cost Accounting model SA accountants and boards of directors of SA banks and companies choose has a devastating effect on the real value of constant real value non-monetary items never updated in the SA real economy, for example, the Retained Earnings of all SA banks and companies.

SA accountants unknowingly destroy a massive amount - conservatively estimated at about R200 billion per annum - in the real value of non-monetary items never updated in the SA real economy with their very destructive stable measuring unit assumption each and every year.

The stable measuring unit assumption is the enemy in the real economy.
When SA accountants measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as the International Accounting Standard Boards authorized them to do 20 years ago in the Framework, Par. 104 (a) which state that:


"Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or in units of constant purchasing power."

which is compliant with International Finanicial Reporting Standards, they will reject the stable measuring unit assumption and maintain instead of destroy about R200 billion in the real value of constant real value non-monetary items in the SA real economy for an unlimited period of time.


© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved
No reproduction without permission

Constant items

Geoffrey Whittington in his definitive work on inflation accounting in the beginning of the 1980´s, Inflation Accounting - An Introduction to the Debate, published in 1983, clearly indicated that with 1970-style CPP accounting all non-monetary accounts (with no distinction being made between variable and constant real value non-monetary item accounts) were updated by means of the CPI.

He stated that Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting (CPP) was a method of inflation-adjusting all non-monetary accounts consistently by means of the Consumer Price Index which reflected changes in money’s purchasing power. 1970-style CPP inflation accounting tried to deal with the problem of inflation in the popularly understood sense, as a decrease in the real value of money. According to Whittington, CPP inflation accounting tried to solve this problem by inflation-adjusting all non-monetary items at the reporting date by means of the CPI.

This eventually led to the failure of 1970-style CPP accounting as an inflation accounting model.
SA accountants freely destroy real value in the real economy with their assumption that the rand is perfectly stable only for the purpose of accounting constant value items, and have absolutely no concern about the negative impact this has on sustainable economic growth.

The destruction of real value in the real economy by SA accountants will stop when they stop their assumption that the rand is perfectly stable only for the purpose of accounting constant items never or not fully updated.


Salaries, wages, rentals, etc are normally inflation-adjusted in South Africa and generally too in most economies.
Inflation-adjusted income statement constant real value non-monetary items, for example, salaries and wages, are – right this very moment - a blessing to users in SA – and all around the world - because they maintain the real value or purchasing power of salaries and wages during inflation as long as the inflation-adjustment is at least equal to inflation over the period in question. Millions of SA workers, their trade unions, the SA government, SA accountants and South Africans in general would agree that the practice of inflation-adjusting accounts in a low inflation environment is a blessing to users and does not insult them.

Inflation-adjusted balance sheet constant real value non-monetary items, e.g. Issued Share capital, Retained Earnings, etc in SA´s low inflation environment will be a blessing to everyone in SA when our accountants simply choose to change from their current implementation of the real value destroying traditional HCA model and freely choose to implement the real value maintaining Constant Item Purchasing Power Accounting model as approved in the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) twenty years ago. They would maintain - instead of currently destroy as they also did last year and all the years before - at least R200 billion annually in constant item real value in the SA real economy for an unlimited period – all else being equal.


© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved
No reproduction without permission

Generally accepted inflation concepts

It is generally accepted and a fact that inflation destroys the real value of money (the internal functional currency) and other monetary items over time.

It is also generally accepted and a fact that hyperinflation can destroy the real value of a country’s entire monetary base as happened in Zimbabwe recently. That was the result of a massive increase in the volume and nominal value of bank notes in the country by Gideon Gono, the governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, with an equivalent extreme rate of destruction of the real value of the Zimbabwe Dollar since the massive nominal increase in ZimDollar money supply was not the result of a concomitant increase in real value in the real or non-monetary economy of Zimbabwe.

It is generally accepted and a fact that inflation destroys the real value of the capital amounts of monetary savings and money lent over time.

It is generally accepted, but not a fact, that inflation erodes, which is the same as destroys, the real value of constant real value non-monetary items with fixed nominal payments over time, e.g. fixed salary, wage, rental payments, etc.

The constant real value non-monetary values of salaries, wages, rentals, etc are generally maintained, i.e. not destroyed, when accountants choose to measure the real value of these constant real value non-monetary items in units of constant purchasing power in terms of the CPI in most economies with payment in depreciating money during inflation.

It is not generally accepted, but a fact, that SA accountants unknowingly destroy the real value of Retained Earnings of all SA companies and banks over time when they choose to measure financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units in terms of the real value destroying traditional HCA model during inflation when they maintain the stable measuring unit assumption for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation and these companies and banks have no revaluable variable items or insufficient revaluable variable items to maintain 100% of the updated original real value of all contributions to their Shareholders´ equity.

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

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The rejection of the stable measuring unit assumption

Accountants and accounting authorities do not appreciate that they can stop accountants destroying real value on a massive scale in the real economy by simply rejecting the stable measuring unit assumption when they choose the IFRS compliant Constant Item Purchasing Power Accounting model and measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power at all levels of inflation and deflation.

IFRS do, however, already – 20 years ago - allow the rejection of the stable measuring unit assumption as an alternative to HCA at all levels of inflation and deflation. The IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) states that financial capital maintenance can be calculated in either constant purchasing power units or in nominal monetary units. Par. 104 (a) was authorized by the IASB predecessor body, the International Accounting Standards Committee Board in April, 1989 and adopted by the IASB in 2001.

The stable measuring unit assumption is also rejected in IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies.
The Standards thus already reject the stable measuring unit assumption under two circumstances:

1.) In IAS 29 during hyperinflationary conditions with the IASB´s Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting model which is a complete price-level inflation accounting model under which all non-monetary items, variable and constant items, are inflation-adjusted by means of the CPI during hyperinflation, and

2.) In the Framework, Par. 104 (a) in the implementation of the Constant Item Purchasing Power basic accounting model with the measurement of financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as an alternative to the real value destroying traditional HCA model when the stable measuring unit assumption is maintained for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation.
 IFRS already allow the rejection of the stable measuring unit assumption under two circumstances: (1) as an alternative to the real value destroying traditional basic HCA model under low inflation and (2) as a specific requirement by the IASB during hyperinflation – both items approved 20 years ago.

The IASB approved Framework, Par. 104 (a) which is applicable in this case since there is no specific IFRS relating to the valuation of Issued Share capital, Retained Earnings and other items in Shareholders´ Equity during non-hyperinflationary periods, allows accountants to reject the stable measuring unit assumption during all levels of inflation and deflation when they choose to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as an alternative to measurement in nominal monetary units as applied in the traditional HCA model.

It is not generally appreciated by accountants that they are unknowingly responsible for the destruction of the real value of constant real value non-monetary items never or not fully updated or inflation-adjusted or maintained over time when they implement the real value destroying traditional HCA model: more specifically, the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption during periods of inflation when they maintain it for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation. This lack of appreciation also applies to economists, business people and the public in general.

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

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It is an essential function of accounting to maintain the real value of constant items during inflation

1970-style Constant Purchasing Power (CPP) inflation accounting was a popular but failed attempt at inflation accounting at that time. It was a form of inflation accounting which tried unsuccessfully to make corporate accounts more informative when comparing current transactions with previous transactions by updating ALL non-monetary items (without distinguishing between variable and constant real value non-monetary items) equally by means of the Consumer Price Index during high inflation.

Measurement in units of constant purchasing power was used for variable and constant balance sheet items during the high inflation 1970´s. 1970-style CPP inflation accounting was abandoned as a failed and discredited inflation accounting model for reasons explained below when general inflation decreased to low levels thereafter.
The function of financial accounting is not just “to convey value information about the economic resources of a business” as Harvey Kapnick stated in the 1976 Sax Lecture.

http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/DIGITAL/saxe/saxe_1975/kapnick_76.htm

It is an essential function of accounting to maintain the real value of constant items during inflation and deflation. This can only be achieved by inflation-adjusting all constant items by means of the CPI as approved by the IASB in the Framework, Par. 104 (a) twenty years ago. Accountants have abdicated the essential financial capital maintenance function of accounting to their fiction that money is stable in real value during inflation and deflation. In so doing, they have in the past unknowingly destroyed and currently unknowingly destroy real value on a massive scale in the real economy when they implement the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption as part of the IASB approved real value destroying traditional Historical Cost Accounting model during non-hyperinflationary periods when they implement the stable measuring unit assumption for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation.


Kindest regards,

Nicolaas Smith

SA accountants´ stable measuring unit assumption costs SA about R200 billion each and every year

Hi,

I point out that SA accountants unknowingly destroy about R200 billion per annum in the SA real economy with their implementation of the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption as it forms part of the traditional Historical Cost Accounting model.

Simply put: SA accountants unknowingly destroy about R200 billion per annum doing normal traditional Historical Cost accounting.

They can maintain about R200 billion PER ANNUM for an unlimited period of time in the SA real economy by updating all constant items as they are allowed to do 20 years ago by the IASB.

Maintaining constant items´ real values during low and hyperinflation is an essential function of accounting.

It is hard to believe that the IASB only requires / mandates / demands that during hyperinflation with IAS 29.

The IASB leaves it as an option during low inflation.

That Historical Cost Mistake costs SA about R200 billion per annum.

Kindest regards,

Nicolaas Smith

The battle between sustainable growth and sustainable value destruction

My comment below was promptly removed from

The Sunday Times article : Gill Marcus to replace Mboweni at SARB

“In terms of the Constitution, the primary objective of the South African Reserve Bank is to protect the value of the currency in the interest of balanced and sustainable growth,” Zuma said today. “ as per Bloombergs.

The implementation by SA accountants of the stable measuring unit assumption in their valuation of constant real value non-monetary items in the SA real economy is sustainable value destruction.

On the on hand, everyone in SA tries his or her best to contribute to sustainable growth in the SA economy.

At the very same time, SA accountants unknowingly perfected sustainable value destruction with their implementation of the stable measuring unit assumption. What brilliance in pervasive permanently sustainable value destruction throughout the whole economy: simply assume there is no inflation as far as constant items are concerned and you will destroy all of them never updated equally at the annual rate of inflation.

The stable measuring unit assumption: what a stroke of genius in sustainable value destruction.

For example: R3.338 billion at ABSA during 2008 under the Chairmanship of Gill Marcus. It is sustainable value destruction because ABSA´s accountants are unknowingly doing the same this year and will continue for an indefinite period of time as long as they implement the stable measuring unit assumption.

All SA accountants have to do to maintain about R200 billion in existing real value in the SA real economy and to stop unknowingly destroying about R200 billion in real value in the SA real economy is to freely select financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as they have been authorized to do 20 years ago when the IASB approved Par. 104 (a) in the Framework.

Kindest regards,

Nicolaas Smith

Update to maintain

SA accountants do not discuss the possibility of destroying R85 bn in the real value of JSE listed companies´ Retained Profits.

They are doing it right now - as they did last year - and as they will do for as long as they refuse to update SA companies´ and banks´ Retained Earnings and Issued Share Capital as they can freely do in terms of the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) approved 20 years ago.

Makes you think, doesn´t it?

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

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Cosatu: What do you want to do?

Cosatu: A 1% increase in the inflation target - ceteris paribus - destroys an extra R19.4 billion p.a. in the real value of M3.

SA accountants rejecting the stable measuring unit assumption - as they are allowed to do by IFRS - will add R85 bn per annum in the real value of Retained Earnings (SA real economy) in JSE companies.

Cosatu what do you want to do?

Destroy the monetary economy faster?

Sort out SA accountants and you grow the real economy by at least R85 bn per annum forever.

Kindest regards,

Nicolaas Smith

SA accountants unknowingly destroy the real value of constant items never updated

Inflation is a uniquely monetary phenomenon and can only destroy the real value of money and other monetary items over time. It has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.

SA accountants unknowingly, unintentionally and unwittingly do the destroying of the real value of constant items, e.g. Retained Earnings, Issued Share capital, other items in shareholder’s equity, salaries, wages, rentals, etc never or not fully updated or inflation-adjusted over time when they choose the real value destroying traditional HCA model during inflationary periods when they maintain the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation.

This includes the unknowing destruction by SA accountants of the real value of the Issued Share capital of SA companies and banks which do not have any or sufficient property or other variable real value non-monetary items to revalue to an amount at least equal to the updated original real value of all contributions to Shareholder’s Equity.

SA accountants unknowingly destroy the real value of the Retained Earnings of all SA companies and banks and the real value of the Issued Share capital of SA companies with no variable real value non-monetary items to revalue continuously at a rate equal to the inflation rate while they continue implementing the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption during non-hyperinflationary conditions when the stable measuring unit assumption is maintained for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation.

It is correct, essential and compliant with IFRS to inflation-adjust or update or maintain constant real value non-monetary items by means of the CPI which is a general price index during all levels of inflation and deflation. The reason for this is that non-monetary items - both variable and constant real value non-monetary items - are expressed in terms of money, i.e. in terms of an unstable monetary unit of account which is the same as the unstable monetary medium of exchange.

Inflation destroys the real value of the unstable monetary medium of exchange - which is also the unstable monetary unit of account in accounting and the economy in general. Constant real value non-monetary items thus have to be updated or maintained at a rate equal to the rate of inflation or deflation in order to maintain their real values constant during inflation and deflation respectively because the unstable unit of measure in accounting is an unstable monetary unit of account and consequently never absolutely stable during periods of inflation and deflation.

It is not correct for accountants to inflation-adjust by means of the CPI, which is a general price index, variable real value non-monetary items which are subject to product specific inflation or price increases (e.g. properties, shares, etc.) for the purpose of valuing these variable items during the accounting period on a primary valuation basis during non-hyperinflationary periods.

These variable real value non-monetary items are generally subject to market based real value changes determined by supply and demand. They incorporate product or item specific price changes or product specific inflation where the word inflation is used to simply mean a product or product group price increase instead of the general use of the word in economics to mean the destruction of the real value of money over time, i.e. a general destruction of the purchasing power of money which results in an increase in the general price level over time.

Kindest regards,

Nicolaas Smith

The IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) is not about inflation accounting. IAS 29 is.

During the period of high inflation in the 1970´s accountants tried various inflation accounting models in an attempt to adjust company financial reports supposedly to reflect the apparent effect of high inflation on non-monetary items.

During that period inflation accounting described a range of accounting models designed to correct comparison problems arising from historical cost accounting in the presence of high and hyperinflation.

It was and still is generally accepted that inflation affects the real value of non-monetary items. That is not true. Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items. Inflation is a uniquely monetary phenomenon.

It is not inflation, but, SA accountants selecting the Historical Cost Accounting model who unknowinlgy destroy the real value of SA constant real value non-monetary items never or not fully updated during non-hyperinflationary periods.

Inflation accounting models that were tried unsuccessfully in the 1970´s include Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting and Current Cost Accounting.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board issued an exposure draft in the United States in January, 1975, that required supplemental financial reports on a Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting price-level basis. The Securities and Exchange Commission in the USA proposed in 1976 the disclosure of the current replacement cost of amortizable, depletable and depreciable assets used for production as well as most inventories at the financial year-end. It also proposed the disclosure of the approximate value of amortization, depletion and depreciation as well as the approximate value of cost of sales that would have been accounted in terms of the current replacement cost of productive capacity and inventories. Both supplemental Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting financial statements and value accounting were experimented with in Canada. Australia tried both replacement-cost inflation accounting and CPP price-level inflation accounting. Netherland companies experimented with value accounting. Replacement-cost disclosures for equity capital financed items were considered in Germany. CPP inflation accounting supplemental financial statements were tried in Argentina. Brazil used various indexes to update constant and variable non-monetary items for the 30 years from 1964 to 1994. In the United Kingdom an original proposal of supplementary CPP financial accounting financial reports was replaced by the Sandilands Committee proposal for a value accounting approach for inventories, marketable securities and productive property.

South Africa had published a discussion paper on value accounting at the time.

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

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Constant real value non-monetary item is a new concept

The South African Reserve Bank is the central bank of the Republic of South Africa. It regards its primary goal in the South African economic system as “the achievement and maintenance of price stability". SARB.

The South African Reserve Bank conducts monetary policy within an inflation targeting framework. The current target is for CPI inflation to be within the target range of 3 to 6 per cent on a continuous basis. SARB.

Price stability is a year-on-year increase in the Consumer Price Index of zero percent. A year-on-year increase in the CPI of above zero but below 2% is a high degree of price stability – it is not absolute price stability.

“The ECB´s Governing Council has announced a quantitative definition of price stability:


Price stability is defined as a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%.


The Governing Council has also clarified that, in the pursuit of price stability, it aims to maintain inflation rates below, but close to, 2% over the medium term.”

http://www.ecb.int/mopo/strategy/pricestab/html/index.en.html

A below 2% year-on-year increase in the European Monetary Union’s harmonized CPI is the European Central Bank’s chosen definition of price stability. It is not the factual definition of absolute price stability. The SARB´s chosen definition of price stability is for “inflation to be within the target range of 3 to 6 per cent on a continuous basis”.

Accountants, on the other hand, simply assume that the unstable monetary unit of account or unstable monetary unit of measure is perfectly stable in non-hyperinflationary economies for the purpose of valuing constant real value non-monetary items and variable real value non-monetary items they value at Historical Cost. Changes in the general purchasing power or real value of the unstable monetary unit of measure (functional currency or money) are not considered to be sufficiently important to require adjustments to financial reports during non-hyperinflationary periods.

This led accountants to choose to measure financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units and to choose to implement the real value destroying traditional Historical Cost Accounting model during non-hyperinflationary periods where under they select to maintain the stable measuring unit assumption for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation. They value both variable items stated at HC in terms of SA GAAP or IFRS, as well as constant items also stated at HC in terms of the HCA model, in nominal monetary units during non-hyperinflationary periods. Both HC variable and HC constant real value non-monetary items are thus considered by SA accountants to be simply HC non-monetary items.

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

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Foshini fooling investors

Foshini published their Reviewed Unaudited Preliminary Condensed Results for the year ended 31 March 2009:

http://www.foschinigroup.co.za/ir/final_results/fr_2009/downloads/foschini_provincial_results_2009.pdf

First item under Salient Features:

• Retail turnover up 5,5% to R8,1 billion

In nominal terms, Yes!

But, we live in a real world.

In real terms:
• Retail turnover DOWN 2.8% to R8,1 billion

Who do they think they are fooling?

Foshini will most probably admit that all the nominal values they present in their results are obviously not real values.

I wonder if they will admit that all those nominal values are basically meaningless and that only their non-existent real values are the only meaningful values?

I also wonder whether they will own up to the fact that because their board of directors selected the historical cost basis to prepare their financial statements, their accountants have unknowingly destroyed R414 million (at May 09 CPI value) in the real value of their Retained Earingins during their 2008 financial year and that they are unknowingly destroying even more than that this current year?

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

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Accountants´ unique unstable unit of account

Non-monetary items are not all fundamentally the same. Non-monetary items are subdivided into variable real value non-monetary items and constant real value non-monetary items. The three fundamentally different basic economic items are, in fact, monetary items, variable items and constant items although it is generally accepted that there are only two basic economic items, namely, monetary and non-monetary items.

Accountants regard all non-monetary items stated at Historical Cost, whether they are variable real value non-monetary HC items or constant real value non-monetary HC items to be fundamentally the same, namely, non-monetary items – or, items that are not monetary items - when they implement the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption as part of the traditional HCA model during non-hyperinflationary periods.

This is the result of money illusion. People make the mistake of thinking that money is stable in real value in a low inflationary environment. Inflation always destroys the real value of money over time. It is thus impossible for money to be stable in real value during inflation.

On the other hand, inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.

The unit of measure in accounting is the base money unit of the most relevant currency. Money is not stable in real value during inflation. This means that the unit of measure in accounting is not a stable unit of measure during inflation and deflation. Accountants´ unstable monetary unit of measure or unstable monetary unit of account is the only generally accepted unit of measure that is not an absolute value. All other generally accepted units of measure are absolute values, e.g. metre, yard, litre, kilogram, pound, mile, kilometre, inch, centimetre, gallon, ounce, etc.

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

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Accounting constant items never updated at historical cost destroys their real values

The third economic item is a constant real value non-monetary item.

Constant items are real value non-monetary items with constant values over time.

Examples are issued share capital, retained earnings, all other items in shareholders´ equity, trade debtors, trade creditors, taxes payable, taxes receivable, all income statement items, etc.

When constant items are never updated, their real values are destroyed by accountants implementing the stable measuring unit assumption.

Accountants normally update or inflation-adjust some income statement items, eg. salaries, wages, rentals, etc in all low inflation economies, including in SA.

The only way the real value of shareholders´equity can be maintained under Historical Cost Accounting is when 100% of the original updated real value of all contributions to shareholders´ equity are invested in revaluable fixed assets that are continuously revalued via the Revaluation Reserve.

It is very unlikely that any company invests 100% of the original updated real value of all contributions to shareholders´ equity in revaluable fixed assets.

This means that the real value of all retained earnings in all banks and companies are unknowingly being destroyed at a rate equal to the annual rate of inflation by SA accountants implementing the stable measuring unit assumption.

This amounts to about R200 billion per annum in the SA economy.

To be continued ......

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

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Accounting a property value at historical cost does not destroy its real value.

The second economic item is a variable item.

Variable items are real value non-monetary items with variable real values over time.

Examples are property, plant equipment, inventory, quoted and unquoted shares, finished goods, foreign exchange, etc.

SA accountants value variable items correctly in term of SA Gaap or IFRS at, for example, market value, present value, fair value, recoverable value, net realizable value, etc.

SA accountants do not unknowingly destroy the real value of variable items because they value them at Historical Cost, for example.

When accountants value properties at historical cost, i.e. they show them at their original nominal values in the financial statements, they do not unkowingly destroy their real values.

When these properties are eventually sold, they will be priced at the market values at that time. No real value is unknowingly being destroyed like that.

Properties can be periodically revalued under Historical Cost Accounting rules and the increased values are debited to the property accounts and credited to the Revaluation Reserve account in the balance sheet.

Properties "valued" or stated at historical cost normally represent unknown hidden holding gains that are only realised when these properties are eventually sold in an open market.

To be continued .....

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved
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Three, not two, fundamentally different items in the economy

Accountants are taught that there are only two fundamentally different items in the economy, namely, monetary and non-monetary items.

That is wrong.

There are three fundamentally different items in the economy:

1. Monetary items

2. Variable real value non-monetary items

3. Constant real value non-monetary items


Monetary items are money held and items with an underlying monetary nature.


Examples of monetary items in today’s economy are bank notes and coins, bank loans, bank account balances, treasury bills, commercial bonds, government bonds, mortgage bonds, student loans, car loans, consumer loans, credit card loans, notes payable, notes receivable, etc.

To be continued ......

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

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The impact of inflation on the man in the street.

Milton Friedman correctly stated that "inflation is always and everwhere a monetary phenomenon." Inflation can only destroy the real value of the Rand and other monetary items like the real value of home loans originally made to home buyers. As inflation destroys the real value of the original loan amount at a higher rate than provided for by the bank at the time the loan was agreed, the bank has to increase interest on the loan to recover the updated real value of the loan plus a real profit margin.

Since inflation is only a monetary phenomenon, it is impossible - by definition - for inflation to have any effect on non-monetary items. Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.

Inflation can only destroy the real value of money (the Rand) and other monetary items. Monetary items are money (Rands) held and items with an underlying monetary nature.

Non-monetary items are all items that are not monetary items.

Non-monetary items are sub-divided in variable real value non-monetary items and constant real value non-monetary items. Variable items are non-monetary items with variable real values over time. Variable items are items like property, plant, equipment, shares, inventory, finished goods, etc.

Variable items are correctly valued by our accountants in terms of SA Gaap or IFRS at for example fair value, market value, net realizable value, present value, recoverable value, etc. There are no unresovled problems (except the current developments in fair value) with the valuation of variable items.

Constant items are non-monetary items with constant real values over time. Constant items are items like issued share capital, retained earnings, share premium, share discount, capital reserves, all other items in shareholders´ equity, trade debtors, trade creditors, deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities, taxes payable, taxes receivable, all items in the profit and loss account, etc.

Our accountants value constant items at Historical Cost: i.e. they do not update their real values. The reason for this is that they choose to measure financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units in terms of the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) which states: "Financial capital maintenance can be measured either in nominal monetary units or in units of constant purchasing power."

Our accountants all choose nominal monetary units; i.e they all do their accounts based on the historical cost basis: i.e. they apply the stable measuring unit assumption. They assume that changes in the Rand´s purchasing power are not significant enough to require changes to the real values of constant items. They basically assume the Rand is perfectly stable ONLY for the valuation of the above constant items.

So what happens?

They correctly value certain income statement items in units of constant purchasing power. They thus inflation-adjust salaries, wages, rentals, etc annually like all other countries during low inflation.

BUT, when a SA company does not have revaluable property with an updated real value or hidden holding gains exactly equal to the original real value of all contributions to shareholders´ equity where they can continuously revalue the property or have sufficient holding gains to maintain shareholders´ equity´s real value, they destroy the real value of shareholders´ equity at a rate equal to the annual rate of inflation - because the Rand is the unstable unit of account in our economy - when these values are never updated or there is a lack of revaluable variable items during indefinite inflation.

It is not inflation destroying, for example R3 billion in the real value of ABSA´s retained earnings last year and the same this year. It is ABSA´s accountants valuing their retained earnings balance at historical cost because ABSA´s board of directors selected the historical cost basis for doing their accounts. ABSA´s board of directors can change their mind and select to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as they can freely do in terms of the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) which is compliant with IFRS.

What will happen when ABSA do that? They will maintain about R3 billion in the real value of their retained earnings each and every year for an unlimited period of time - ceteris paribus - instead of destroying about that amount annually for an unlimited period of time - ceteris paribus - as they unknowingly and unintentionally did last year and as they unknowingly and unintentionally do this year..

What does this mean for the man in the street?

Our accountants unknowingly destroy about R200 billion annually in the SA real economy in this manner. This is a conservative estimate. When SA rejects the stable measuring unit assumption and implements finacial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as provided for 20 years ago by the IASB in the Framework, Par. 104 (a) about R200 billion will be maintained in our real economy for an unlimited period of time. This is compliant with IFRS - see Par. 104 (a).

A boost of about R200 billion per annum for an unlimited period of time in the SA economy will lead to a stronger economy, more jobs, maintenance of investment capital in banks and companies, etc.

This will obviously benefit the man in the street.

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

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Accountants´ unstable unit of account is the only unit of measure that is not an absolute value

Accountants regard all non-monetary items stated at Historical Cost, whether they are variable real value non-monetary HC items or constant real value non-monetary HC items to be fundamentally the same, namely, non-monetary items – or, items that are not monetary items - when they implement the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption as part of the traditional HCA model during non-hyperinflationary periods.

This is the result of money illusion. People make the mistake of thinking that money is stable in real value in a low inflationary environment. Inflation always destroys the real value of money over time. It is thus impossible for money to be stable in real value during inflation.

On the other hand, inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.
The unit of measure in accounting is the base money unit of the most relevant currency. Money is not stable in real value during inflation. This means that the unit of measure in accounting is not a stable unit of measure during inflation and deflation.

Accountants´ unstable monetary unit of measure or unstable monetary unit of account is the only generally accepted unit of measure that is not an absolute value. All other generally accepted units of measure are absolute values, e.g. metre, yard, litre, kilogram, pound, mile, kilometre, inch, centimetre, gallon, ounce, etc.

Accountants generally choose the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption

It is generally accepted that the economy is divided in two parts: the monetary economy and the non-monetary or real economy. It is also generally accepted that there are two basic economic items in the economy: monetary items and non-monetary items. Monetary items are money held and items with an underlying monetary nature. Non-monetary items are all items that are not monetary items.
No distinction is generally made between the valuation of variable real value non-monetary items, e.g. property, plant, equipment, inventory, etc valued at Historical Cost and constant real value non-monetary items, e.g. Issued Share capital, Retained Earnings, Shareholders´ Equity and most items in the income statement also valued at Historical Cost.

This is the result of the fact that the economy is based on the Historical Cost paradigm. Historical Cost is the traditional measurement basis in accounting. It is thus generally accepted for accountants to choose to implement the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption during non-hyperinflationary periods.
One of the basic principles in accounting is “The Measuring Unit principle: The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency. This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable; that is, changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements.”


Paul H. Walgenbach, Norman E. Dittrich and Ernest I. Hanson, (1973), Financial Accounting, New York: Harcourt Brace Javonovich, Inc. Page 429.
Non-monetary items are not all fundamentally the same. Non-monetary items are subdivided into variable real value non-monetary items and constant real value non-monetary items. The three fundamentally different basic economic items are, in fact, monetary items, variable items and constant items although it is generally accepted that there are only two basic economic items, namely, monetary and non-monetary items.

ABSA accountants are busy unknowingly destroying about R3 billion right now

SA banks are safe according to the SARB

SA banks may be adequately capitalized as per the SARB.

What the SARB can not deny is that the banks´ accountants are unknowingly destroying the real value of their Retained Earnings at 8% per annum because their Boards of Directors choose to implement the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption during low inflation.

ABSA´s accountants are currently unknowingly destroying about R3 billion in the real value of ABSA´s Retained Earnings during 2009. I dare the SARB or anyone to prove me wrong.

I will still calculate the unintentional real value destruction in the other banks by their accountants because their Boards chose the Historical Cost basis.

They destroyed R3.338 billion during 2008. They will carry on at that rate - ceteris paribus - while they carry on acting dumb and making as if there is no such thing as inflation as far as the valuation of constant items are concerned.

Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items. Inflation can only and does only destroy the real value of the Rand. Nothing else. However, the Rand is the unstable unit of account in the SA economy. ONLY accountants ASSUME it is stable ONLY for the valuing of constant items - nothing else.


The real values of constant items never maintained are unknowingly being destroyed by SA accountants choosing to implement the real value destroying Historical Cost Accounting model which includes the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption.

When they choose to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as authorized in the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) twenty years ago and which is compliant with IFRS, they will stop this unintentional destruction. Instead they will maintain those values for an unlimited period of time and the SA economy will be boosted by about R200 billion per annum for an indefinite period of time.

So, it is not inflation doing the destroying in constant items - it is our accountants implementing the stable measuring unit assumption.

I dare anyone - including SARB - to prove me wrong.

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

No reproduction without permission.

Normal Rands and Rands of constant purchasing power are not the same.

When SA accountants choose to measure financial capital maintenance in real value maintaining units of constant purchasing power (the CIPPA model) – as they can freely do in terms of the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) - they will maintain all constant item real values over time including Shareholders´ Equity in companies that at least break even – all else being equal - whether companies have fixed property or other variable items to revalue or not.

Variable Items


SA accountants value variable real value non-monetary items in terms of IFRS or SA GAAP. “Listed companies use IFRS and the unlisted companies could use either IFRS or Statements of GAAP.”


IAS 16 deals with Property Plant & Equipment. It allows two methods of valuation or measurement; either historical cost or revaluation based on fair value. The charge for depreciation relates to the carrying value, whether historical cost or fair value. It is not acceptable under HCA to index up the original cost of an asset by reference to subsequent inflation or to base the depreciation charge on that indexed amount.


There are similar requirements in respect of intangible assets (IAS 38) and inventories (IAS 2).


IAS 39 requires fair values to be applied in valuing investments and derivative financial instruments. A historical cost basis of accounting is not acceptable for these items.

The real values of variable real value non-monetary items, e.g. property, are not destroyed when accountants value them at Historical Cost in terms of IFRS or SA GAAP. These items will be fair valued when they are eventually sold.

Monetary items

Low inflation is what long term sustainable economic growth is built on. Alan Greenspan.
SA accountants value monetary items at their original nominal monetary values; that is, at their original HC values since monetary items can not be updated or indexed during the current financial period for the purpose of

1.accounting their values during the reporting period,
2.determining the profit or loss for the reporting period, and
3.measuring financial capital maintenance in either nominal monetary units or constant purchasing power units
during inflation or deflation.

Inflation (some people will hold Tito Mboweni responsible) – not SA accountants - destroys the real value of the Rand and other SA monetary items over time at the annual rate of inflation as determined by the change in the CPI.

Cumulative SA inflation from January 1981 to April 2009: 1 354%

Cumulative SA inflation from April 1994 to April 2009: 161%

Source of base data used for calculations: Statistics South Africa

The internal real value of the Rand is automatically adjusted downwards as it is being destroyed by the economic process of inflation in SA´s low inflationary economy as indicated by the rate of change in the CPI. Inflation destroys the real value of monetary items under any accounting model and also when no accounting model is implemented; that is, when a business does not account its economic activities; for example, street vendors. The accounting model has no affect on the real value of monetary items during the reporting period.

Double entry accounting cannot maintain the real value of monetary items during the reporting period. It is not an attribute of double entry accounting to maintain the real value of monetary items during the reporting period. Inflation destroys the real value of money and other monetary items no matter which accounting model is used. That is why low inflation is so critical for long term sustainable economic growth.

Constant items


SA accountants can choose to measure financial capital maintenance in either nominal monetary units (the real value destroying traditional HCA model) when they maintain the stable measuring unit assumption for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation or in real value maintaining units of constant purchasing power (the CIPPA model). Both models are approved by the IASB in the Framework, Par. 104 (a).


It is very obvious that how SA accountants as a group choose to measure financial capital maintenance does make a big difference to the underlying real value of constant items like Retained Earnings in the SA economy and has important effects on the economy as a whole.
I wrote a letter “Accounting for Inflation” to the Financial Mail which was published in the 9th May 2008 edition in which I stated:

“SA accountants freely destroy real value in the real economy with their assumption that the rand is perfectly stable only for the purpose of accounting constant value items, and have absolutely no concern about the negative impact this has on sustainable economic growth.

The destruction of real value in the real economy by SA accountants will stop when they stop their assumption that the rand is perfectly stable only for the purpose of accounting constant items never or not fully updated.

We will still have 10,6% cash inflation in the monetary economy - all else being equal - but we will have 0% inflation in the real economy with an (as for now unknown) increase in GDP and sustainable economic growth in SA.

No-one stops us from revoking the stable measuring unit assumption.

The historical cost accounting model is not required by SA law, or by Generally Accepted Accounting Practice or the International Accounting Standards Board.”
Rejecting the stable measuring unit assumption is simply a logical, but, long overdue improvement in basic accounting approved by the IASB 20 years ago which, I am confident, will be speedily implemented after proper due process in South Africa.


© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved
No reproduction without permission

Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items

Inflation, being a uniquely monetary phenomenon, can not, by definition, destroy the real value of non-monetary items. Inflation has no effect on the real value of non-monetary items.

It is SA accountants’ choice of accounting model that determines whether they carry on currently unintentionally destroying real value in constant real value non-monetary items never or not fully updated (the real value destroying traditional HCA model) when they maintain the stable measuring unit assumption for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation or maintain those values in future for an unlimited period of time (the IASB approved real value maintaining CIPPA model) – all else being equal.

It is not inflation that is doing the destroying in the real value of constant items. It is our accountants unknowingly doing the destroying when they implement the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation.

This is the case with all constant items never or not fully inflation-adjusted including the unintentional destruction by SA accountants of the real value of Shareholders´ Equity in SA banks and companies which do not have sufficient variable items that can be or are revalued via the Revaluation Reserve or with insufficient holding gains to compensate for the real value shortfall in Shareholders´ Equity under HCA.

Rejecting the stable measuring unit assumption is compliant with IFRS

Today´s Fin24 has an article starting: " South Africa's inflation-targeting framework is likely to be fine-tuned by the new government, said chief economist from Brait, Colen Garrow, on Friday."

"Target may be fine tuned" Fin24 28 June 2009

Mboweni averaged 5.93% annual inflation so far.

Upping the upper band to 7% will result in SA accountants unknowingly destroying a further cumulative 10% in constant items they refuse to maintain over the next 10 years.

They will thus unknowingly destroy 56% instead of 46% of the real value of all Retained Earnings never maintained in SA companies and banks today over the next 10 years.

That may amount to unknowingly destroying R202 billion instead of R200 billion p.a

When SA accountants freely choose to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as approved by the IASB 20 years ago in the Framework, Par. 104 (a) which is compliant with IFRS, they will maintain instead of unknowingly destroy - as they are now doing - about R200 billion p.a. in the SA real economy for an unlimited period of time - ceteris paribus.

ABSA´s accountants are unknowingly destroying R3.3 bil. like that now.

Rejecting the stable measuring unit assumption is compliant with IFRS.

It will result in our accountants boosting the SA real economy by at least R200 billion (a conservative estimate) p.a. for an unlimited period of time - ceteris paribus.

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

No reproduction without permission.

The confusion about inflation accounting

Most accountants and accounting authorities completely ignore the real value maintaining Constant Item Purchasing Power basic accounting model as approved by the IASB in the Framework, Par. 104 (a) as an alternative for the real value destroying traditional HC basic accounting model.

They do not appreciate, firstly, that SA accountants unknowingly destroy real value on a massive scale in the SA real economy when they implement the real value destroying stable measuring unit assumption for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation in the case of balance sheet constant items when they do not have sufficient revaluable fixed assets or holding gains to compensate for a real value shortfall in Shareholders´ Equity.

Secondly, they mistakenly assume that any price-level accounting always only relates to inflation accounting during high and hyperinflation despite the fact that the IASB approved a constant item price-level basic accounting model twenty years ago.

Thirdly, they do not appreciate the real value maintaining effect on balance sheet constant items of choosing to measure financial capital maintenance in constant purchasing power units as approved by the IASB in the Framework, Par. 104 (a).

Financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power is generally not implemented in non-hyperinflationary economies.

Measurement in units of constant purchasing power is, however, comprehensively and extensively used for the valuation of income statement constant items, e.g., salaries, wages, rentals, etc in most economies at all levels of inflation, including in South Africa.


© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved
No reproduction without permission

Difference between basic and inflation accounting

The Constant Purchasing Power inflation accounting model required by the IASB in IAS 29 is in contrast to the Constant Item Purchasing Power basic accounting model approved by the IASB in the Framework, Par. 104 (a) as an alternative to the real value destroying traditional basic Historical Cost Accounting model also approved in Par. 104 (a).

Constant Item Purchasing Power Accounting requires that ONLY constant items (instead of constant AND variable non-monetary items in the case of CPP inflation accounting) are inflation-adjusted by means of the CPI during non-hyperinflationary periods for the purpose of implementing a constant purchasing power capital concept of invested purchasing power, a constant purchasing power financial capital maintenance concept and a constant purchasing power profit or loss determination concept.

Variable items are valued in terms of IFRS or SA GAAP for primary valuation purposes during non-hyperinflationary periods. Monetary items are always stated at their original nominal values during the current accounting period.

Current SA inflation - May 2009

Percentage unknowing real value destruction by SA accountants in constant items never maintained since

Jan 1981

93.2%

April 1994

61.9%

May 2008

8.0%

Example: R3.338 billion of the real value of Retained Earnings have unknowingly been destroyed by ABSA´s accountants implementing the stable measuring units assumption as chosen by their board of directors during their 2008 financial year if they maintain that assumption for an unlimited period of time during indefinite inflation.


Cumulative inflation since Jan 1981

1 360.3%

Cumulative inflation since Apr 1994

162.6%

Annual inflation

8.0%

Source of base data: Statistics South Africa

Price-level accounting clearly does not prevail

Price-level accounting clearly does not prevail for balance sheet constant items, as Harvey Kapnick hoped for in 1976, except during rare instances of hyperinflation (e.g., Turkey’s latest period of hyperinflation) when companies are required to implement IAS 29 which is the IASB´s CPP inflation accounting model.
The implementation of IAS 29 inflation accounting by Zimbabwean listed companies as required by the Zimbabwean Stock Exchange made no difference to the Zimbabwean economy during the final stages of the hyperinflationary destruction of the Zimbabwe Dollar. Updating all non-monetary items as required by IAS 29 inflation accounting in terms of the Consumer Price Index when it is not calculated and supplied by the government and when the value of the Zimbabwe Dollar halved every 15 hours, was obviously of no use.

The IASB specifically requires financial capital maintenance in terms of units of constant purchasing power during hyperinflation, but, leaves it as an option to the disastrously destructive traditional HCA model during non-hyperinflationary periods. An option that is ignored by almost all accountants during non-hyperinflationary periods because of, firstly, the lack of appreciating the very destructive effect of the stable measuring unit assumption on the real values of balance sheet constant items during non-hyperinflationary periods; secondly, the lack of appreciating the real value maintaining effect on balance sheet constant items of choosing to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power during non-hyperinflationary periods; as well as, thirdly, the general assumption by most accountants that price-level accounting always refers ONLY to CPP inflation accounting when all non-monetary items (variable and constant items) are inflation adjusted by means of the CPI during high and hyperinflationary periods in terms of IAS 29 inflation accounting.

Price-level accounting does prevail in certain income statement items, e.g. salaries, wages, rentals, etc. which are inflation-adjusted by means of the CPI in most economies, including South Africa.

© 2005-2010 by Nicolaas J Smith. All rights reserved

No reproduction without permission.

Changing the way a company does its accounts does change the value of the company for the better

"ABSA joins chorus of doom" on today´s Fin24.com states that ABSA´s operating performance had been knocked by a REDUCTION IN THE VALUE of investment portfolios"

R3.326 Billion of the real value of ABSA´s Retained Earnings was not just reduced during their 2008 financial year but actually unknowingly DESTROYED by ABSA´s accountants implementing the stable measuring unit assumption as an accounting policy chosen by their Board of Directors. They are doing the same this year. Measurement in units of constant purchasing power is compliant with IFRS.

R3.326 Billion is also, more or less, the amount that ABSA´s accountants will unknowingly destroy in the real value of the bank´s Retained Earnings during their current financial year as a result of their implementation of the stable measuring unit assumption because the ABSA Board of Directors selected financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units instead of in units of constant purchasing power in terms of the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) which states that "Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or in units of constant purchasing power."

Both bases are compliant with IFRS since the Framework applies (see IAS 8.11). There is not one specific IFRS relating to the valuing of Retained Earnings.

R3.326 Billion is the estimated amount that ABSA´s accountants will maintain in the real value of the banks Retained Earnings during this finacial year and every year there after - ceteris paribus - if ABSA´s Board of Directors decide today to reject the stable measuring unit assumption and to maintain the banks financial capital in real value maintaining units of constant purchasing power - which is compliant with IFRS - instead of in real value destroying nominal monetary units - which is also compliant with IFRS, but, results in their accountants unknowingly destroying the real value of their Retained Earnings as described above.

I think Maria Ramos should perhaps have a look at this.

R3.326 Billion is 4.5% of ABSA´s current market value.

Changing the way a company does its accounts does change the value of the company for the better.

Audited Historical Cost annual financial statements do not fairly present the financial position of a company

1st Update: 24 June 2009

Audited annual financial statements provided by SA companies which prepare them using the traditional Historical Cost basis, i.e., when the directors choose to measure financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units instead of in units of constant purchasing power in terms of the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a), are compliant with IFRS, but, do not fairly present the financial position of the companies as required by Art. 29.1(b) of the Companies Act.



Article 29.1 (b) of the SA Companies Act, No 71 of 2008 states:



“If a company provides any financial statements, including any annual financial statements, to any person for any reason, those statements must-



(b) present fairly the state of affairs and business of the company, and explain the transactions and financial position of the business of the company;”



SA company directors´ choice to measure financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units, i.e., the traditional HC basis which includes implementing the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption, is compliant with IFRS. However, audited financial statements prepared under this basis do not fairly present the financial position of SA companies, as required by the Companies Act, when the directors do not:



(1) state in those annual financial statements that their choice of the traditional Historical Cost basis which includes the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption, destroys the real value of ONLY constant real value non-monetary items never maintained, at a rate equal to the annual rate of inflation and at a lower rate when they are not fully maintained.



(2) state that this includes the destruction of the real value of Shareholders´ Equity when the company does not have sufficient variable real value non-monetary items that are or can be revalued via the Revaluation Reserve or do not present sufficient hidden and unrecognised holding gains to compensate for the shortfall in real value in Shareholders’ Equity under the HC basis;



(3) state the percentage and amount of Shareholders´ Equity that is not being maintained; i.e., the percentage and amount of Shareholders´ Equity that is subject to real value destruction at a rate equal to the annual inflation rate because of the directors´ choice, in terms of the Framework, Par. 104 (a), to maintain financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units instead of in units of constant purchasing power – both methods being compliant with IFRS;



(4) state the amount of real value destroyed during the last financial year in Shareholders´ Equity and all other constant items because of the directors´ choice to implement the HC basis;



(5) state the updated total amount of real value destroyed from the company’s start to date in this manner in at least Shareholders´ Equity never or not fully maintained;



(6) state the change in the updated real value of Shareholders´ Equity if the directors decide to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power instead of in nominal monetary units as provided in the Framework, Par. 104 (a) which is complaint with IFRS;



(7) state the directors´ estimate of the amount of real value to be destroyed by their implementation of the stable measuring unit assumption during the following accounting year under the HC basis;



(8) state that the real value calculated in (7) represents the amount of real value the company would gain during the following accounting year and every year there after for an unlimited period of time – ceteris paribus - if the directors´ choose to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power – which is compliant with IFRS – as provided in the Framework, Par. 104 (a);



(9) state the directors´ reason(s) for choosing financial capital maintenance in real value destroying nominal monetary units instead of in real value maintaining units of constant purchasing power in terms of the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a).


It is obviously a million times better for company directors to choose to measure financial capital maintenance in constant purchasing power units as provided for in the IASB´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) which states: "Finacial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power."

Both bases are compliant with IFRS. Measuring financial capital maintenance in constant purchasing power units instead of in nominal monetary units stops the unknowing destruction by accountants of massive amounts in real value in constant real value non-monetary items never or not fully updated, for example, Retained Earnings, in the real economy.

There is magic in lower inflation

Thought Leader

Alan Greenspan correctly stated that low inflation is what sustained economic growth is built upon.

It is very irresponsible to suggest an inflation target of 10% to 15%.

Under the current Historical Cost paradigm there are always TWO simultaneous systemic economy-wide real value destruction processes operating in the economy during inflation: (a) inflation in the monetary economy and (b) SA accountants implementing the Historical Cost Accounting model in the non-monetary or real economy:

(1) 161.6% cumulative inflation since April 1994 have destroyed 61.8% of the real value of the Rand in our monetary economy.

(2) During the same period SA accountants have unknowingly destroyed 61.8% of the real value in the non-monetary or real economy of all Retained Earnings balances that remained in SA companies during that period and in the Shareholders´ Equity of all companies with no fixed assets or a lower percentage in companies with insufficient fixed assets to revalue because our accountants implement the very destructive stable measuring unit assumption as part of the real value destroying traditional Historical Cost Accounting model.

When SA accountants freely choose to measure financial capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power as per the International Accounting Standards Board´s Framework, Par. 104 (a) which is compliant with International Financial Reporting Standards, they will maintain instead of unknowingly destroy about R200 billion per annum in real value in constant items not updated in the SA real economy for an unlimited period of time and reduce economy-wide value destruction to simply a single destruction process by inflation in the real value of the Rand.

SA accounting facts as at end of April 2009

Real value unknowingly destroyed by SA accountants in Retained Earnings remaining in SA companies from Jan 1981 to Apr 2009

93.1%

Real value unknowingly destroyed by SA accountants in Shareholders´ Equity of SA companies with no variable real value non-monetary items to revalue with equivalent entries in Revaluation Reserve from Jan 1981 to Apr 2009

93.1%

Real value unknowingly destroyed by SA accountants in Retained Earnings remaining in SA companies from Apr 1994 to Apr 2009

61.8%

Real value unknowingly destroyed by SA accountants in Shareholders´ Equity of SA companies with no variable real value non-monetary items to revalue with equivalent entries in Revaluation Reserve from Apr 1994 to Apr 2009

61.8%


Cumulative inflation since Jan 1981: 1 354.8%

Cumulative inflation since Apr 1994: 161.6%

Annual inflation: 8.4%

Source of base data: Statistics South Africa